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Lt Cdr Ong Khye Liat RMN

20Jan 2010

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wdeal transformer should be:
No winding resistance.
No leakage flux.
No iron losses.
wts coefficient of coupling is unity.

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 §lternating flux induces a sinusoidal ac voltage in the coil,
whose effective value is given by
E = 4.44fNØmax V

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 m uations for voltage ratio and

turn ratio, a of an ideal
transformer :

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9hen connect a load, Z

across the secondary coil, a
secondary current I2 will
immediately flow:

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I2 = E2/Z

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Mhe E2 does not change when load is
connected because:

 wn ideal transformer the primary and

secondary coils are linked by a
mutual flux, Øm only.

 Mhe supply voltage Eg is kept fixed,

then primary induced voltage E1
remains fixed, mutual flux Øm also
fixed and follows that E2 also
remain fixed.

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 •o the voltage ratio under load is

the same as at no-load:

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Ãy examine the magneto motive

forces at primary and secondary,
and the currents are in phase.

N1I1 = N2I2

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Ãy examine the magneto motive
forces at primary and secondary,
and the currents are in phase.
N1I1 = N2I2
then

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Mhe phasor diagram of an ideal

transformer under load. §ssuming a
resistive -inductive load, current I2 lags
behind E2 by an angle ș. Flux Øm lags
90o behind Eg.

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 wdeal transformer can be
simplified to a box having 2
terminals in symbolic form.
 Polarity marks indicate the
direction of current flow as well
as the polarities of voltage m1
and m2.
 wn an ideal transformer m1 and m2

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   , w1 and w2 are always in phase.
 
 
 Mhe angle depends upon the
nature of the load.

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 Ãesides transformer used to transform a voltage or

current, it also has the ability to transform an
impedance.

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 For example, an ideal
transformer M is connected
between a source and load
Z. Mhe ratio of transformer
is a:
and
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 §n impedance Zx between the primary terminal given by:

 Mhe secondary sees an impedance Z given by:

 Zx can be expressed in another way:

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 Mhis means that the impedance seen by the source is a2 times the
real impedance.

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 §n ideal transformer can modify the value of any
component (resistor, capacitor or inductor).

For example:
 1000ȍ resistor is placed across secondary of transformer
having turn ratio of 1:5, it will appear across the primary as a
resistance of 1000ȍ (1/5)2 = 40ȍ.

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 1000ȍ reactance of capacitor is placed across secondary of
transformer having turn ratio of 1:5, it will appear across the
primary as a reactance of 40ȍ.
 However, because the reactance of the capacitor is inversely
proportional to its capacitance, the apparent capacitance btw
the primary terminal is 25 times greater than its actual value.

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9hile shifting from secondary to primary, these rules applied:

 •hifted impedance values are multiplied by a2.

 •hifted voltage E values becomes aE.
 •hifted current I values becomes I/a.
 Mhe secondary of the transformer is on open-circuit and both
current are zero, therefore can remove the transformer.

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9hile shifting from primary to secondary, these rules applied:

 •hifted impedance values are divided by a2.

 •hifted voltage E values becomes E/a.
 •hifted current I values becomes aI.
 Mhe primary of the transformer is on open-circuit and both current are
zero, therefore can remove the ideal transformer completely.

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