|
 




 
á    

O Growth: Change in total

population
O Reproduction: that which causes
change in population
›
Y
Y 
 
 




 





|  á   
O inary fission: 1 cell divides into 2 after
developing a transverse septum
O udding: a small bud develops at one end of
the cell/ a new cell is formed as an outgrowth
from the parent cell (yeast and some
bacteria)
O Fragmentation: filaments are fragmented into
small bacilli
O Formation of conidiospores

 
O Æumber of bacteria (Æ)
Æ = 1 x 2n
O Growth rate (r)
r = n/t = [3.3 (logÆ ± log Æ )]/t
Unit: generations/min or h

 
O Generation time (g) ± time required for 1 cell
to divide into 2/time required for the
population to double
Generation time (g) = t/n
where t = elapsed time (hr)
n= number of generations
n= 3.3(logÆ
logÆ )
Æ = number of cells at the end of the elapsed time
Æ = number of cells at the beginning
Unit: min or h/generation
    
O 1 = parent cell
O 2 = 1st generation
O 4 = 2nd generation
O 8 = 3rd generation
O 16 = 4th generation
ñ 






 









  



Growth Rate ?
Generation time?
M  
< M
O acteria are first introduced into an environment or
media
O acteria are ³checking out´ their surroundings

O Cells are very active metabolically

O # of cells changes very little

O 1 hour to several days

period of apparent inactivity in which the cells

are adapting to a new environment and
preparing for reproductive growth
S M
O Rapid cell growth (exponential growth)
O population doubles every generation
O microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions
O antibiotics
O anti
microbial agents
"   M
O áeath rate = rate of reproduction
O cells begin to encounter environmental stress
O lack of nutrients
O lack of water
O not enough space
O metabolic wastes
O oxygen
O pH
¬ á  M
O áeath rate > rate of reproduction
O áue to limiting factors in the environment
O Period in which the cells are dying at an
exponential rate
O Reasons: continued accumulation of  
loss of cell's ability to detoxify  

|    
 
 
O erial áilution and tandard Plate Count
O áirect Microscopic Count
O Membrane Filter Count
O Most Probable Æumber (MPÆ)
O Other methods
  á  
O ihe process of diluting
a sample several times
for its microbial count to
fall within the countable
range (25
25 colonies)
M  
O Pour Plate ± adding
melted agar to 1. ml
inoculum
O pread Plate ± adding
.1 ml inoculum on pre

solidified agar and
spreading it evenly with
a sterile bent glass rod
MM  
 M
M  MM 
 M
ize of colonies mall Large
preading of colonies Less More
Psychrophiles Good etter
Microaerophiles etter Good
trict aerobes Good etter
trict anaerobes etter Æot good
Crowding Less More
Pigmentation Good etter
ubculturing Good etter

  
O Unit: Colony
forming unit (cfu) per ml or per
g
O Countable range: 25
25 per plate
1. Plates between 25
25
Æ = C / [ (1xn1)+( .1x n2)+« ](d)
where: Æ = Æo. of colonies per ml or g of product
C = um of all colonies on plates w/ counts within 25
25
n1 = Æumber of plates in first dilution counted
n2 = Æumber of plates in second dilution counted
d = áilution from which the first count count was obtained

  
2. All plates w/ <1 3. All plates >25 colonies
colonies Æ = (plate count nearest
Æ = <25 x 1/d 25 ) x 1/d
Where: Where:
d = dilution from which the d = dilution from which the
first count was obtained the count nearest 25
was obtained

 
 
Condition 1:
<
< <
<
 232 33
 244 28










 
 
Condition 2:
  ñM
<
< <
< 
18 2 <25
<25

 
 
Condition 3:
  ñM
<
< <
< 
iÆiC 64 64 
á 
|




M 
   
á 
|




M 
   

O Unit: Average no. of cell/ml

O Calculation:
Average no. of cell/ml = „5 squares x 5 x
volume of square
O áisadvantages:
O Requires relatively high bacterial densities
O Cannot distinguish living cells from dead cells
|  !  | 
O ample allowed to pass
through a membrane
filter
O Filter overlayed to a
pre
solidified medium
O Medium incubated
O Colonies counted
| M " #|M"$
O Useful particularly when
enumerating
microorganisms that won¶t
grow on/in agar media
O Used in water quality
studies
O Growth determined by the
production of gas when
incubated
O 95% chance of falling within
a particular range of the
MPÆ table
6  | 
O iurbidimetric methods
O As bacterial cell numbers increase less light will
reach the photoelectric cell (percentage of
transmission)
O Metabolic activity
O Amount of a certain metabolic product is in direct
proportion to the number of bacteria present