KALPANA SRI A/P UTHAYAVANAN

CF140188

KOMALA DEVI A/P SUNDARARAJAN CF140123

VIKNHESWAR.CS

CF140022

RHUBENTHIRAAN.K

CF140066

THOMBSON DAVID

CF140037

Foundations:
It is the bottom element of the structure which jointed to soil. It is
the structure element which transform loads (dead & live) to soil
with a safety method. Foundations executed under the surface of
soil or may be continue in some cases to the surface.

Foundations considerations:
- Able to bearing all a structure loads safely. (weight, wind,
earthquake, .etc).
- Transported & distributed all loads to the soil under foundation.
- Facing the settlements & soil expansion (swelling).
- Structure Stability realization.
- Resist the effects of under ground water and environment
effects.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
This type of foundation usually refers to those being
rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and
laid less than 3m below ground level.
Common examples include pad, strip or raft
foundations.
A combination of two or three type of shallow
foundation in one single structure is not uncommon.

PAD FOUNDATION

Pad footings are used to support individual or multiple columns, spreading

the load to the ground below.

They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being
determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.

They are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being
determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.

The shape in plan will be dictated by the arrangement of the columns and
the load to be transferred into the soil.

The advantage of this system of foundation is that pockets of tipped stone

or brick and concrete rubble that would obstruct bored piling may be
removed as the pits are excavated

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR

FOOTING
PAD
Setting out
(Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)
Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)
Apply lean concrete
Formwork installation
Reinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)
Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)
Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

PAD FOOTING

Pad footing procedure as follow :

STRIP / SPREAD FOOTINGS

Spread footing foundations consist strips of concrete which

transfer the loads from the walls and columns to the soil or
bedrock.

Embedment of spread footings is controlled by several factors,

including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft
near-surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers
likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell.

The depth and width of the strip depend on the building load and
the nature of the ground

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR

SPREAD FOOTING
Setting out (Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)

Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)

Apply lean concrete
Formwork installation
Reinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)
Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)
Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

STRIP / SPREAD FOOTINGS

Strip footing procedure as follow :

RAFT FOUNDATION
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel
which covers the entire contact area of the structure like a
thick floor, column and foundation.
Raft foundation is required where soils have low bearing
capacity and have to support heavy structural loads.
Raft foundations are preferred in the soil that are suspected
to subsidence.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION FOR

RAFT FOOTING
Setting out (Level / point / location / other point / timber boundary)

Excavation works (Working space / machineries / tools water pump)

Apply lean concrete
Formwork installation
Reinforcement installation (Rebar / Links / Strut bar)
Inspection (rebar / starter bar / FW / level / orientation / shape / size)
Concreting (casting depends on size of structure)

Raft/mat footing procedure as follow :

CONCLUSION
Shallow Foundation has different type of foundation. There are
pad footing, strip footing and raft foundation. This foundation all
must be built based on different type of building loads, types of
soil, economical/financial, soil strata, capability of the structure,
settlement of the soil, engineers, and also underground water.

QUESTION
AND
ANSWER
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PREPARED BY :
KALPANA AND THE CREW
THATS ALL FROM US

THANK YOU