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Lecture 9
Tetrad Analysis (review)
Gene Interaction Part I
Variation to Mendel
Reading Material: pages 147-148; 211-218; 226232
Problems: Ch 4; 38-42 (similar problems were
assigned for Lecture 8)
Problems: Ch6; 18, 21, 23, 24, 40, 44
Tetrad Analysis
A) Mapping Distance b/w Gene Locus and Centromere
1. Determine if the segregation pattern for a locus is MI or MII
type.
2. Calculate the genetic distance b/w locus and centromere
using the formula:
m.u. b/w locus and centromere =1/2 (# MII asci) x 100%
total # asci
3. If the problem involves multiple loci perform (1) and (2) for
each locus.
Note: Map distance b/w centromere & locus is limited to 33 m.u.
P1
P1
a+b+
a+b+
P2
ab
P2
ab
a+b+
a+b+
ab
ab
P1
R1
a+b+
a+b
R2
ab+
P2
ab
a+ b+
a+
b+
b+
b+
b
b
P1
P2
a+b+
ab
P1
a+b+
P2
ab
a+ b+
a
a+
a
b
b+
b
with MII
segregation
When mapping more than two gene loci, map two gene
loci at a time relative to each other
LL, Ll,
and
ll
milk
no milk
no milk
no milk
b+b+
bb
b+b
nonbald
bald
bald
Females nonbald
bald
nonbald
Phenotypes:
Males
Multiple Alleles
Essentially all genes have not just two alleles, but many
since there can be mutations at any of 1000 or more
bases in a gene and result in many possible alleles
Let N be the normal (wild-type) base and X a mutation.
Three alleles are:
NNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNN
NNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNXNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNN
Each diploid individual has either two copies of the same
allele, or two different alleles of each gene
Inheritance patterns with multiple alleles can be more
complex because more than two alleles may be present in
the two parents combined
Multiple Alleles
ABO Blood Group Inheritance
IA IB x IA i
Incomplete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
The F1 has an intermediate phenotype to the
parents
The phenotypic ratio in the F2 is 1:2:1
The F2 ratio is 1:2:1 rather than 3:1 because the
phenotype of the heterozygote differs from both
homozygotes
Similar terms: partial dominance, semidominance
The heterozygote need not be precisely intermediate
- there is incomplete dominance whenever it is
different and somewhat intermediate in phenotype
Codominance
Codominance usually involves a system in which
the 2 alleles of a single gene have slightly different
products, both of which appear in the expression
of the phenotype. Usually molecular. Effects of
both alleles are detected simultaneously.
Codominance
Codominance: effects of both alleles are detected
simultaneously
E.g.- MN blood group antigens
Alleles: LM and LN. Phenotype is "blood group"
P:
F1:
blood group M x
LM L M
blood group N
L N LN
blood group MN
M LN
L
Both M and N antigens are present on red blood cells.
The products of the two alleles are (usually) expressed
equally.
The A and B alleles of the ABO blood groups are also
codominant.
Parents: Dd IAIB
Dd IAIB
white #2
purple flowers
F1 x F1
F2:
9 purple : 7 white
White
Enzyme B
Y
White
Purple pigment
A_bb
3
white
aaB_
3
white
aabb
1
white