Integrated Electronics

Lecture-1
Introduction to Integrated Electronics

Integrated Circuit
A complex set of
electronic
components and their
interconnections that
are imprinted onto a
tiny slice of
semiconducting
material. Integrated
Circuits are usually
called ICs or chips.

 Several hundred identical integrated

circuits (ICs) are made at a time on a
thin wafer several centimeters wide,
and the wafer is subsequently sliced
into individual ICs called chips.

 The width of each conducting line in

a circuit can be made smaller and
smaller as the technology advances;
in
2008
it
dropped
below
100nanometers and in 2014 it was
expected to be in the tens of
nanometers.
There are two main advantages of
ICs overdiscrete circuits: cost and
performance.

 Computers, cellular phones, and other

digital appliances, modern computing
, communications, manufacturing and
transport systems, including the
Internet , are now much important
parts of the modern societies all
depend on the existence of integrated
circuits.

Early Integration

Jack Kilby, working at Texas Instruments,

invented a monolithic integrated circuit
in July 1959.
He had constructed the flip-flop shown in
the patent drawing above.

Early Integration
In mid 1959, Noyce develops
the first true IC using planar
transistors,
back-to-back pn junctions for
isolation
diode-isolated silicon resistors
and
evaporated metal wiring on
top

Practice Makes Perfect

1961: TI and Fairchild introduced
first logic ICs
(cost ~ $50 in quantity!). This is
a dual flip-flop with 4 transistors.
1963: Densities and yields
improve. This circuit has
four flip-flops.

Practice Makes Perfect

1967: Fairchild markets the first
semi-custom chip. Transistors
(organized in columns) can be
easily rewired to create
different circuits. Circuit has
~150 logic gates.
1968: Noyce and Moore leave Fairchild to
form Intel. By 1971 Intel had 500
employees;
By 2004, 80,000 employees in 55
countries and $34.2B in sales.

The Big Bang

1970: Intel
starts selling a
1k bit RAM, the
1103.

1971: Ted Hoff at Intel designed

the first microprocessor. The
4004 had 4-bit busses and a
clock rate of 108 KHz. It had
2300 transistors and was built

IC Types
In the early days of integrated circuits,
only a few transistors could be placed on a
chip
As the degree of integration was small,
the design was done easily. Over time,
millions, and today billions,of transistors
could be placed on one chip, and to make
a good design became a task to be
planned thoroughly. This gave rise to
newdesign methods.

IC Types
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number
of transistors and other electronic components they
contain:
SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic
components per chip
MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to
3,000 electronic components per chip
LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to
100,000 electronic components per chip
VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000
to 1,000,000 electronic components per chip
ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1
million electronic components per chip

Classification
Integrated Circuits can be classified
into three types:
1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Mixed Signals

Analog Integrated Circuits

Analog ICs, such as sensors, power
management
circuits,
and
operational amplifiers, work by
processing continuous signals. They
perform functions like amplification,
active filtering, de modulation,
mixing, etc

Digital Integrated Circuits

Digital integrated circuits can contain anything
from
one
to
millions
oflogic
gates,flipflops,multiplexers, and other circuits in a few
square millimeters.
The small size of these circuits allows high speed,
low power dissipation, and reducedmanufacturing
cost compared with board-level integration.
These digital ICs, typicallymicroprocessors,DSPs,
and micro controllers, work using binary
mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.

Mixed Integrated Circuits

ICs can also combine analog and
digital circuits on a single chip to
create functions such as Ac/Dc
converters
and Dc/Ac converters.
Such circuits offer smaller size and
lower cost.

ICs Advantages:
Small size.
Low cost.
Very Low weight.
Easy Replacement.

Advantages
To start, while integrated circuits are smaller
and usually require less power to operate.
The IC is also more susceptible to electric
damage from a power surge (A brief strong
increase in the electricalpower supplied ).
IC's have the advantage in weight, size and
power consumption. They are also less prone to
damage from physical jarring(irregular
movements).

Disadvantages
A potential disadvantage of integrated circuits
is the cost of replacing an IC that has failed
Another disadvantage of integrated circuits is
that design corrections and incremental
design improvements are not readily made.
One disadvantage of integrated circuits is that
they can be unsuitable for custom designed
equipment, because high volumes are needed
in order to justify the design and tooling costs.

END OF LECTURE-1