PRESENTED BY :

RAJAN MEENA
VIIth SEM ECE
08EC071

HISTORY OF BSNL
Firstly post and telegraph department
came into existence in 1980.

First exchange in rajasthan was of 25 lines.

Control of Ajmer was upto Udaipur, Agra and
Ratlam.

In 1985, post and telegraph seperated into

two different departments i.e. Department of
Post and Department of Telegraph.

HOW SUBSCRIBER
REACHES TO EXCHANGE
Each subscriber who wants to contact

require handset
The handset divided into two main parts .
The line chord is connected to the handset
and reach to a black box known a
ROSETTE
Through the rosette two wires comes out
which is connected with the WINDOW
After that they reach the DP i.e. the
DISTRIBUTION POINT

 On DP the wires comes in the form of pair . One I

DP 20 wires can be connected from different

places
DP must be grounded . DP is a box which is
installed on a petlar
After DP , there is a cabinet which is in the form
of large box and which is kept in a large area
which consists of approximately one thousand
pair of wires .
And then it connected to the another type of box
this is called Main Distribution Frame

WiMAX Highlights
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Is a certification mark for products that pass
conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE
802.16
provides wireless data over long distances in a
variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile
cellular type access

 Speed
Faster than broadband service

Wireless
Not having to lay cables reduces cost
Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas

Broad coverage
Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots

Two forms of wireless service

Line-of-sight service
Higher frequencies, lots more bandwidth
30-mile radius

Non-line-of-sight
A small antenna on a computer connects to the tower
Uses 2 GHz to 11 GHz frequency range
Limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius

 BASE STATION (BS):

The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MSS.
ACCESS SERVICE NETWORK GATEWAY (ASN-GW):
The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation points within
an ASN. Additional functions include intra-ASN location management and
paging, and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption
keys.
CONNECTIVITY SERVICE NETWORK (CSN):
The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP, other public
networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and
includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users,
and specific services.

WiMAX Applications

According to WiMAX Forum it supports 5 classes of

applications:
1. Multi-player Interactive Gaming.
2. Video Conference
3. Streaming Media
4. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging
5. Media Content Downloads

Broadband Policy-2004
10

Broadband connectivity as defined in Broadband

policy-2004 is an always on data connection that is

able to support interactive services including
Internet access and has the capability of minimum
download speed of 256 kbps to an individual
subscriber from the POP of the service provider

ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN

Internet v Broadband Subs in India

11

40M

40

Internet Subs
Broadband Subs

30

20M
18M

20
10

9M
6M
3M

0
2005
ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN

2007

2010

Broadband Technologies
12

Broadband Technologies
Wireless

Wireline

3G Mobile

DSL (Digital Subs Line)

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Cable Modem

WiMAX

Optical Fibre Technologies

PLC (Power Line
Communication)

Satellite
ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN

OPTICAL FIBER

OPTICAL FIBER

FIBER OPTICAL TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM
A Widely Used Communication Medium Based on TIR
Information (Voice, Data Or Video) Is Transmitted In The Form Of Light

FIG. COMMUNICATION THROUGH OPTICAL FIBRE

ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER AND ITS

PRINCIPLE
Jacket

Jacket
Cladding
Core

Cladding (n2)
Core (n2)

Cladding
Jacket
Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre

ADVANTAGES OF FIBER
OPTICS
High Speeds Up To The Gigabits
Low Interference
Large Bandwidth
Signals Can Be Transmitted At Larger Distances Without
The Need Of Repeaters
Greater Resistance To Electromagnetic Noise
No Crosstalk

GSM Network Architecture

BSC
OML

OMC

is
Ab

VMSC
A

BTS
BTS

BTS

TRAU

MSC

HLR

EIR
VLR

BTS

SMSC

BTS

BTS
BTS
MS
BTS

AUC

BC
BSC
PSTN

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHAT IS A CELL ?
A base station (transmitter) having a number of

RF channels is called a cell

Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
subscribers within the cell boundaries
( Coverage area)
Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up)

GSM Services
SERVICE CATEGORIES
Main type of telecommunication services:
Basic services:
Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.
e.g. voice telephone calls.
Supplementary services:
Additional services that are available by subscription
only.
e.g. Call forwarding.