CC501HYDRAULICS 2

CHAPTER 2
BUOYANCY & STABILITY
HJ. ZAMALI BIN OMAR

BOUYANCY DEFINITIONS
The ability or tendency of a liquid
to lift a body that is put into it
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dalamnya

INTRODUCTION

A fluid exerts a force on any object submerged in it.

Such a force due to a fluid in equilibrium is known
as the buoyancy or the upthrust.
It is often necessary to determine buoyancy in many
engineering applications as in the design of ships,
boats, buoys etc.

INTRODUCTION

The buoyancy has a magnitude equal to the weight

of the displaced volume of fluid.

It acts upwards through the centre of gravity of the

displaced volume of fluid which is known as the
centre of buoyancy.

This result is often known as the Archimedes

principle and can be proved as follows:

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES
A body that is submerged or
partially submerged will
experience a buoyant force, in
which the buoyant force is equal
to the weight of the displaced
volume of liquid

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

When an object is submerged in a fluid in

equilibrium an equal volume of fluid is displaced.

This volume of fluid was in equilibrium under the

action of its own weight and the resultant thrust
exerted on it by the surrounding fluid which is the
same as the buoyancy on the submerged object.

Hence the buoyancy should be equal in magnitude

to the weight of the displaced volume of fluid and
act upwards through its centre of gravity.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

A body submerged or partially submerged in a fluid

will experience two (2) types of forces acting on the
body :
1.Gravity force acting downward (W)
2.Upthrust exerted by the fluid acting upward
(R)
NOTE!
If gravity force > upthrust, body will
submerged
If gravity force < upthrust, body will float

BUOYANCY

When a body is immersed in a fluid, an upward

force is exerted by the fluid on the body.
This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body and is called the force of
buoyancy or buoyancy.

CENTRE OF BUOYANCY

CENTRE OF BUOYANCY

The position of the centre of buoyancy, B depends

on the shape of the displaced volume of fluid.

For a fluid of uniform density, it is at the centroid of

the displaced volume of fluid.

It should be distinguished from the centre of gravity,

G of the submerged object, the position of which
depends on the way its weight, W is distributed as
illustrated in Figure 3.

CENTRE OF BUOYANCY

BODIES SUBMERGED IN TWO

IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS

BODIES SUBMERGED IN TWO

IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS

EXAMPLE 2.1
Find the volume of the water displaced and position
of centre of buoyancy for a wooden block of width
2.5 m and of depth 1.5 m when it floats horizontally
in water. The density of wooden block is 650 kg/m3
and its length 6.0 m.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 2.2
Measuring 0.4m wooden cubes
floating in water as shown below.
Wood density is 0.6. Determine
the wooden block drafts:

EXAMPLE 2.3
The mass of a pontoon is 50
metric tonnes. Size or dimensions
pontoon is 6m wide, 15m long 2.4
m high. What is the draft when
the pontoon is loaded with 130
x103 kg of gravel. The water
density is 1025kg/m3.

EXAMPLE 2.4
A rectangular pontoon is used to
transport agricultural grain through
the river. Width and length of each
pontoon is 8.5m and 27.4m. Without
load draft 1.5m. With a load of grain,
the draft is 2.1m. Determine:
i. Weight of pontoon without load
ii. Grains weight.

STABILITY OF SUBMERGED
BODY

STABILITY OF SUBMERGED
BODIES

STABILITY OF SUBMERGED
BODIES

STABILITY OF SEMISUBMERGED BODIES

STABILITY OF SEMISUBMERGED BODIES

META-CENTER

The intersection of the vertical axis of a body when

in its equilibrium position & a vertical line through
the new position of the B1 when the body is rotated
slightly.

LOCATION OF META-CENTRE

LOCATION OF META-CENTRE

MB = I / Vd
I = Moment of inertia of a horizontal
section of the body taken at the surface
of the fluid
Vd = the displaced volume of fluid.

META-CENTRIC HEIGHT

The distance between the CENTRE of GRAVITY of

a floating body and the META-CENTRE (distance
MG)

META-CENTRIC HEIGHT

MG = MB + GB

EXAMPLE 1
A rectangular pontoon of 5 m long,
3 m wide and 1.2 m deep is immerse
0.8 m in sea water. If the density of
sea water is 1150 kg/m3 , find the
meta-centric height of the pontoon.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE 1
A solid cylinder of 2 m diameter and
1 m height has a mass of 800kg
floating in the water as in the figure.
Find its meta-centric height and the
type of balance.

STEP 1
Weight of cylinder = Weight of water displaced
Mg = gAd
800 x 9.81 = (1000)(9.81)(12)d
d = (800)/(1000)()
d = 0.255 m

STEP 2
MG = MB + GB
MB = I / Vd
= (d4/ 64) / Ad
= (24/ 64) / (22/4)(0.255)
= 0.98 m
GB = (1/2 h) (1/2d)
= (1) (0.255)
= 0.5 0.1275
= 0.3725 m

STEP 3
MG = MB + GB
MG = 0.98 m 0.3725 m
= 0.6075 m
Conclusion: Stable because MG is +ve value.

Example

A ship 50m long and 8m wide weighing

13.5MN. A load of 200KN moved 5m to
the right ship causing the ship tilted 30. If
the center of buoyancy of the ship 1.5m
below sea level, determine the meta
centric position and center of gravity
above sea level.