Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn tp ch quc

t (13)

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng ting Anh

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Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu In addition to having a higher risk of
acute kidney injuries than in the general population, type 2 diabetic patients
normally have a worse outcome as well.
Vn nghin cu While focusing mainly on the characteristics of AKI in
type 2 diabetic patients, related studies have seldom assessed the risk of
AKI and have also failed to identify the risk of mortality in this population.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
according to Girman et al. (2012), type 2 diabetes patients an increased
risk of AKI over those without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI
2.2 2.7). Moreover, an increased risk of AKI in type 2 diabetes is
associated with age and specific comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney
disease, hypertension and congestive heart failure).
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to thoroughly
understand the implications of AKI in type 2 diabetes patients makes it
impossible for physicians to diagnose quickly and forecast accurately the
mortal risks associated with this population.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should investigate AKI in
type 2 diabetes sufferers by incorporating patient symptoms, comorbidities,
treatments and outcomes of those patients.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, type 2
diabetes patients inflicted with AKI can be examined thoroughly with clinical
and laboratory tests. The comorbidities and treatment results of those
patients can then be recorded. Next, follow-up examinations can be
performed until they are discharged.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that the rate
of AKI in type 2 diabetic patients is approximately 10%. Associated risks of
mortality may be oligouria, shock, infection, severity of AKI and renal
replacement therapy.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, results of this
study can shed light on how AKI affects type 2 diabetic patients motivating
physicians to examine the patients more thoroughly than previously.

V d 2:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Despite the increasing popularity of the Ponseti
method in Vietnam {to treat WHAT POPULATION? or in WHAT APPLICATION?}, the {rate
of relapse OR relapse rate} and sequela after the initial correction of manipulating and
casting remain high.
Vn nghin cu While demonstrating the {factors correlated with relapse and sequela
: OR DO YOU MEAN correlation between relapse and sequela? CAREFULLY CHECK
MEANING}, previous studies failed to provide a scale to evaluate the relapse, decrease
the {ratio of the relapse : OR DO YOU MEAN ratio relapse?} and improve the latest
follow-up mid-term {result OR DO YOU MEAN results OR outcome?} .
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, in Morcuendes
series, these relapses were not significantly correlated with age at presentation, previously
unsuccessful treatment, or the number of casts; instead, they were associated with
noncompliance with the Foot Abduction Brace. The relapse of Morcuende was identified in
the presence of any elements of deformity such as cavus, adduction, varus, and equinus.
However, that study lacked a scale {a scale for what purpose? for evaluating WHAT?}.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to control relapses {relapses of
what?} significantly increases treatment costs and affects the latest follow-up results.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a scale
(NOTE: Should you specify WHAT KIND of scale OR a scale for
WHAT POPULATION?) to evaluate the relapse {the relapse OF
WHAT?} and identify the [factors correlated to the relapse and the final
(result OR DO YOU MEAN results OR outcome?). : OR DO YOU
SIMPLY MEAN correlation between the relapse and the final results?]
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, {HOW
MANY?} patients with idiopathic congenital clubfeet can be recruited
for this study, following treatment with the Ponseti method at the
Hospital for Traumatology and Orthopaedics (Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam) with a follow-up term of a minimum of two years. The patients
can then be (classified OR categorized) {classified or categorized
based on what criteria?} and evaluated during casting, of initial
correction, and (of : OR DO YOU MEAN for?) relapse (according to
OR based on) Dimglios scale. Next, the latest follow-up (result OR
results OR outcome?) can be evaluated (according to OR based on)
Richards classification.

V d 2 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that the relapse-related factors are the bracing
program, initial correction, and the latest follow-up results
as the age of presentation and the (term of follow-up OR
SIMPLY follow-up period OR length of follow-up period).
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Based
on a precise evaluation in this study of the relapse (NOTE:
Should you specify the relapse OF WHAT?) and the latest
follow-up results, the proposed scale (NOTE: Should you
specify WHAT KIND of scale OR a scale for WHAT
POPULATION?) can decrease the relapse period and
(obtain OR achieve) the latest (follow-up results as
expected OR anticipated follow-up results).

V d 3:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Commonly used in urology to
relieve obstruction {obstruction of WHAT? pathways? If so, should you
specify WHAT pathways?}, ureteral stents also prevent stricture
formation as well as (treat OR patch OR eliminate) urinary tract leaks.
However, these stents can also become infected.
Vn nghin cu Despite previous studies on the rate of bacterial
stent colonization, risk factor, precaution and prevention, {prevention of
WHAT? infection?}, those studies failed to reach consensus results,
especially the factors contributing to urinary tract infection after ureteral
stent insertion.

V d 3 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
Akay et al. cited the infection rate of lower urinary tract as 24% with
double J stent (DJS), while Riedl et al. noted a bacteriuria rate of 45%
among patients with temporary stents. Farsi et al. found a bacteriuria
rate of 30% in that population, while Yeniyol et al. observed urinary
infection in 16 % of patients with DJS. Lifshit et al. reported a 13 %
urinary tract infection rate in 65 patients with DJS. Akay et
al. associated colonization on the stent with a higher risk of infection
although this was not absolute. The colonization rates in female
patients with DJS were twice higher than those in male patients. Akay
et al. noted 42% vs. 28% distal segment and 40% vs. 24% proximal
segment stent colonization, and a 26% vs. 23 % urinary tract infection
rate in female and male patients ,respectively. Although the stent
colonization rate in female patients surpassed that in male patients,
the urinary tract infection rates were roughly equivalent to each other.

V d 3 (cont.)
Additionally, the incidence of bacteriuria increased 10-folds. Kehinde et al.
found that the rate of bacteriuria in normal patients was significantly lower (3.3
%) than in patients with DM or CRF than in those with DM,CRF, or diabetic
nephropathy (33,3,39.6 and 44.4 ,respectively). Kehinde et al. observed a
bacteriuria rate of 4.2 for stents removed within 30 days and 34% for stents
removed after 90 days. According to Farsi et al., a longer duration of stenting
implies a higher rate of colonization (58.6% for stent left for < 1 month vs.75.1%
for those left for > 3 months) .Akay et al. found that the colonization rate on the
stent and lower urinary tract infection rate increased with the duration of the
stent placement, although the difference was statically insignificant. Beyer I et
al. indicated that age related conditions (i.e. bladder outlet obstruction,
hormonal changes, and bladder connective tissue changes) can increase
urinary tract infection. Although Akay et al. suggested that the lower urinary
tract infection rate increased in patients older than 40 years old, this finding was
statistically insignificant.

V d 3 (cont.)
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to
determine the infection rate of bacterial stent colonization
as a risk factor makes it impossible to prevent ureteral stent
infection, complicating the efforts of physicians to follow up
patients effectively.
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should
identify systematically the factors contributing to urinary
tract infection after ureteral stent insertion {by using WHAT
method or considering WHAT approach that makes it able
to yield better results than in previous studies that have
done the same thing before?}.

V d 3 (cont.)
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, 5 major electronic
databases (i.e. Pubmed, Scopus, ISI web of science, Science direct and Google
scholar) can be searched exhaustively {searched FOR WHAT
INFORMATION?}, along with other databases, including SIGLE, POPLINE,
NYAM, VHL, GHL and CLINICALTRIALS. {NOTE: This is too much information
for the methodology here. You can save this information for the Materials and
Methods section} . Titles and abstracts of the full text of those articles can then
be screened using identical selection criteria and a data extraction procedure.
Next, a strong correlation between the reviewers of those articles and authors
can be found. Additionally articles containing ambiguous data can be sent to
the original authors via email for clarification. {NOTE: This is too much
information for the methodology here. You can save this information for the
Materials and Methods section} Moreover, those results can be analyzed by
using version 2 of Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.

V d 3 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results
can indicate that DM, CRF, or long duration stenting
represents a high risk factor for infection of ureteral
stenting among females and (various age groups :
OR SIMPLY the elderly). (NOTE: Add any
secondary results)
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin
Results of this study can provide further insight into
the incidence of infected ureteral stents, greatly
facilitating the efforts of physicians to prevent this
outcome in high risk individuals.

V d 4:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Despite the widespread use of mechanical
ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) of hospitals, deciding when to wean
patients from ventilators is problematic since doing so too soon or too late worsens
the outcome and increases the mortality rate, explaining the considerable attention
paid to many indices (particularly the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI)) in order
to identify the appropriate time of weaning.
Vn nghin cu Although the role of RSBI in predicting weaning outcome has
received considerable attention, related studies have seldom examined the
correlation between the change of this index and weaning outcome (e.g., weaning
time, free-ventilator time, successful weaning rate, reintubation rate and mortality).
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, according to
Zhang et al., the optimum cut-off of RSBI in accurately predicting weaning when
using T-piece and pressure support ventilation (PSV) is 100 and 75 (breaths per
minute/L), respectively. Segal et al. demonstrated that a change in RSBI lower than
20% can accurately predict weaning with a sensitivity and specificity of 89%.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to evaluate RSBI in a
series {of what?} makes it impossible for clinical physicians to determine precisely
when to wean patients from ventilators and extubate, ultimately leading to poor
prognosis.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should investigate the

accuracy of RSBI in predicting weaning outcome when using both T-piece and
PSV in a general ICU population, with a particular focus on the change of RSBI
during weaning time in order to identify the optimum cut-off for the weaning
outcome, followed by a comparison with RSBI.

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, nearly 70

patients who are weaned from ventilators can be monitored closely during the
breathing trial and extubation time. All clinical characteristics (e.g., age, gender,
medical history, vital signs and their evolution), blood gas results, biochemical
parameters and ventilator parameters every 30 minute during breathing trial
can then be noted using a data collection sheet. Next, RSBI can be calculated
as f/Vt, and the change of RSBI can be calculated using the same formula.
Additionally, all extubated patients can then monitored closely for at least 48
hours for reintubation if their clinical status worsens. Moreover, data can be
analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software.

V d 4 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that a threshold of RSBI lower than 100
breaths per minute/liter can accurately predict
weaning. Meanwhile, the change of RSBI to predict
weaning outcome should exceed that of previous
studies.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin
Importantly, results of this study can greatly facilitate
the efforts of physicians to wean patients from
ventilators immediately when the outcome worsens.
We can thus recommend that the variation of RSBI
should be used routinely during follow up in deciding
when to extubate the patients.

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw