Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn tp ch quc

t (15)

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng ting Anh

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Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Given the frequency of mangled lower limbs
accompanied with popliteal injuries, among the many scoring systems to
determine whether to amputate injured limbs include MESS, PSI, and LSI.
Vn nghin cu While comparing the clinical efficacy of these score systems,
previous studies have failed to identify which one can most accurately predict
whether to preserve or amputate limbs.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, in a review
of articles on mangled limbs and scoring systems entitled Mangled limbs: Can we
trust the scores?, Lodor (2010) indicated that only 25% of medical literature
mentioned a correlation between MESS score and amputation prognosis.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Although diagnosing and treating
patients admitted to a hospital less than 6 hours after the injury has occurred is
relatively easy owing to state-of-the- art equipment and surgical methods, the
opposite is true when they are admitted to the hospital after 6 hours or the popliteal
injury involves other knee structures. The inability to identify the most reliable
scoring system makes it impossible for physicians to achieve an accurate
prognosis with respect to amputation risk of mangled limbs accompanied with
popliteal artery injuries.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should attempt to identify the
most reliable scoring system to determine in clinical practice whether to
preserve or amputate mangled limbs accompanied with popliteal artery
injuries.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, {HOW MANY?}
patients admitted to the emergency department with injured limbs
accompanied by popliteal artery injuries can be evaluated based on three
scoring systems, i.e. MESS, PSI, LSI score. The lately results : MEANING?
subsequent results?) of the affected limbs can then be assessed based on
four categories, i.e. primary amputation, secondary amputation, late
amputation after success in vascular repair yet useless limbs, and success
with acceptable functioning of the limbs. Next, based on those results, the
most reliable scoring system can be identified. Additionally, the treatment
outcomes can be examined to calculate the sensitivity and specificity.
Moreover, the cut-off level can be identified by using {statistics : WHAT
STATISTICS? SPSS statistical software?}.

V d 1 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis
results can demonstrate the feasibility of a
reliable scoring system for use in determining
the prognosis for amputation risk of mangled
limbs accompanied with popliteal artery injury.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc
tin Importantly, results of this study can
provide physicians with a valuable criterion to
decide which limbs should be preserved or
amputated.

V d 2:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu While posing a major threat to males,
prostate cancer normally progresses slowly, lacks explicit symptoms and, upon
diagnosis, often finds patients in advanced stages of the disease,
subsequently complicating treatment and lowering survival rates. Early
diagnosis is thus challenging yet necessary to ensure safe and efficient
treatment, necessitating an early diagnosis to distinguish between prostate
cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Although widely used to screen for
and diagnose prostate cancer, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test alone
fails to yield a high performance in both sensitivity and specificity.
Vn nghin cu Capable of measuring the prostate-specific antigen
(PSA) concentration, the PSA test determines the total amount of PSA (tPSA)
and the free PSA (fPSA) in serum. However, owing to occasionally confusing
negative and positive results of this test, many studies have attempted to
increase its sensitivity and specificity, especially when considering the
relationship between PSA and biological parameters (including age and
prostate volume). Nevertheless, those studies have failed to reach a
consensus on the efficacy of this combination.

V d 2 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
although a high tPSA level may imply a prostate problem, some (OK?) PCa
cases have a normal level of tPSA. Conversely, some (OK?) non-cancer cases
have a high level of tPSA. (This phenomenon is OR Above phenomena are:
WHICH ONE?) owing to the non-cancerous overgrowth of the prostate known
as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Therefore, thresholding the PSA value
by using conventional statistics and probability approaches may yield high false
negative and false positive (results OR outcomes : WHICH ONE?). Despite the
availability of many threshold choices (BMJ, 1994; Schroder and Roobool,
2010; Richard et al., 2007), none of them yield high performance (results OR
outcomes : WHICH ONE?) (Shariat and Karakiewicz, 2008; Thompson et al.,
2004).
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to increase the efficacy
of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum test leads to many false positive
and negative cases when screening for and diagnosing prostate cancer.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a diagnostic

approach to screen for prostate cancer patients, based on tPSA, fPSA, age and
prostate volume, by combining statistical methods and use of the Support
Vector Machine (SVM).

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, {HOW

MANY?} suspected prostrate patients can be categorized into either a normal

or an abnormal group by using SVM method. Exactly which patients in the
abnormal group have prostate cancer can then be diagnosed. (NOTE: Add 2
more sentences for methodology)

Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed diagnostic approach can

increase the sensitivity by {HOW MUCH?}, whereas the specificity is
acceptable (i.e. HOW MUCH?).

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, the

proposed approach can improve PSA test performance when

screening for and diagnosing prostate cancer as well as provide
invaluable molecular information, greatly facilitating efforts to develop a
clinical program for determining the incidence of this cancer.

V d 3:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu For developing
countries such as Vietnam with a high prevalence
of retinopathy of prematurity, laser therapy is a
conventional means of reducing the incidence of
blindness in premature infants, as caused by the
abnormal development of retinal blood vessels.
Vn nghin cu However, most studies
assume that the rates of blindness and sequelae
occur continuously as children age, while failing to
monitor patients for an extended period after laser
therapy in order to diagnose retinopathy of
prematurity early and act correspondingly.

V d 3 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu
According to ET-ROP statistics on a 5 year follow up of
those patients, not only did the percentage of unfavorable
visual outcomes rise by 10%, but the incidence of related
complications (e.g., retinal detachment, corneal opacity,
and cataracts) increased by roughly 3-5%; the incidence of
strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors rose by
approximately 20% as well, severely limiting the ability of
patients to learn in school and perform daily activities.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to
follow up on retinopathy of prematurity patients for
extended periods makes it nearly impossible to achieve
acceptable outcomes of recovery after laser therapy
treatment.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should evaluate
clinical data and laser therapy-related treatment complications in
patients diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity after 3 years of
follow up {by using WHAT METHODS OR APPROACHES that
are different from and able to get better results than other long
term follow up studies of this population?}.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so,
clinical data can be obtained from patients diagnosed with
retinopathy of prematurity after 3 years of follow up in the
Pediatrics Department of HoChiMinh City Eye Hospital, Vietnam.
Data can then be categorized according to the disease outcome
and related complications. Next, those results can be analyzed
using SPSS software package.

V d 3 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that the rate of poor outcomes might increase
by two folds, which is similar to complications identified
in a comparison with the results of laser therapy
treatment after 1 year of follow up.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin
Results of this study can significantly contribute to
efforts to re-examine patient more thoroughly and
extensively, with a particular focus on detecting and
treating changes which influence the visual acuity of
patients. Importantly, our results can provide further
insight into the later effects of treating the disease, as
well as a valuable reference for future studies.

V d 4:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu As a major community health
issue receiving increasing attention, osteoporosis poses a risk for
the elderly, as evidenced by its threat not only to menopausal
women but also to men as well. Despite its lower prevalence in the
latter group, the incidence of secondary complications and mortality
rate are higher in male patients once an osteoporosis-related
fracture occurs.
Vn nghin cu As is well known, the strong correlation of
bone density and bone turnover marker with bone strength
accurately predicts the risk of fracture in both genders. Additionally,
the bone {bone fracturing?} process can be evaluated since the
bone turnover (including beta-CTX and osteocalcin) reflects the
velocity of bone resorption and osteogenesis. Despite numerous
attempts to assess the efficiency of these two parameters in
predicting the incidence of osteoporosis in a risk population such as
menopausal women, previous studies have failed to explore the
correlation between bone turnover and risk of fracture in men,
especially those over 50 years old.

V d 4 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn
nghin cu For instance, Wu, Hu, and Biver
found a moderately negative correlation between
beta-CTX and osteocalcin with bone density in
femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae.

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu

The inability to evaluate the correlation
between bone turnover and osteoporosis in
men makes it impossible for physicians to
diagnose osteoporosis in this population
when applying these parameters.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should investigate the

correlation between bone turnover and bone density by determining the

optimum threshold of bone turnover to accurately diagnose osteoporosis in
men over 50 years old with respect to sensitivity and specificity.

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, roughly 90

male patients over 50 can be divided into two groups: 45 in the case group
(osteoporosis) and 45 in the control group (non-osteoporosis) for examination
and follow up at the Rheumatology Department and Internal Medicine Clinic in
Cho Ray Hospital (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). Bone mineral density and
plasma beta-CTX, osteocalcin can then be determined in all patients. Next,
data can be gathered using a data collection sheet, followed by analysis using
SPSS 16.0 software.

V d 4 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate the negative correlation between bone
turnover and bone density (as in women : DO YOU
MEAN in men as well as in women?). Additionally,
the threshold of beta-CTX and osteocalcin in
diagnosing osteoporosis in men should exceed that of
previous studies in menopausal women.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin
Results of this study can significantly contribute to
efforts to diagnose osteoporosis in men. We can thus
recommend that clinicians administer beta-CTX and
osteocalcin routinely to screen for osteoporosis in
both genders.

V d 5
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu: Healthcare encompasses many innovative
medical procedures and protocols. Besides traditional practices and individual
expertise, health care providers must adopt innovative interventions based on
verifiable research results. Evidence based practice (EBP) is thus highly
promising for addressing critical clinical issues and providing optimum care. More
than in medicine, EBP is increasingly adopted in nursing-midwifery practice.
Implementing EBP requires that a midwife apply verifiable results to clients by
searching related evidence, using clinical judgments, and considering client
values and system resources.
Vn nghin cu: However, while failing to examine the knowledge expertise
and attitudes of midwives towards adopting EBP, previous studies lack a
protocol to help midwives to apply EBP effectively as well as an evaluation
approach for hospital managers to enhance the EBP skills of midwives. In this
context, previous studies have also neglected the role of midwives in developing
countries such as Vietnam since they are generally not treated as independent
healthcare providers yet only as primary caregivers.

V d 5 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu: For instance, previous studies
have identified the major obstacles of nurses in implementing evidence into practice,
including lack of authority to change practices (Buhaid et al., 2014, Chau et al., 2008,
Mehrdad et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2013), lack of support from administrators (Bostrom et
al., 2008, Chien et al., 2013, Kajermo et al., 2008, Salsali et al., 2009), unavailability of
research reports, as well as difficulties in understanding statistical analysis, using a foreign
language, and routine practice dominance (Adamsen et al., 2003, Chinomso & Foluso,
2014, Oranta, 2002) However, facilitators mentioned by nurses included support from unit
managers, education in scientific methods, developing literature search skills, guidance and
respect from knowledgeable colleagues, and availability of specific scientific journals.
Additionally, most midwives base their practices on their own expertise and are unaware of
the importance of EBP Moreover, midwifery practices must be improved in developing
countries with rising birth rates such as in Vietnam. Still, the role of EBP in midwifery in
these settings has seldom been addressed.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu: The inability to carefully evaluate the knowledge
skills, attitudes, barriers and facilitators of midwives towards EBP makes it impossible to
establish appropriate training programs and help them to incorporate continuity, holism and
women-centeredness into their practices.

V d 5 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu: Therefore, in addition to evaluating the knowledge skills
and attitudes of midwives towards using EBP, we should develop a novel protocol
to identify barriers and facilitators to successful adopting EBP in hospitals by
using a checklist based on EBP practices.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu: To do so, a literature review
on the role of midwives in EBP can be performed. Self-administered
questionnaires can then be designed and distributed to midwives in three large
hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Next, in-depth interviews can be held by
focus groups to obtain qualitative data. Moreover, a training program can be
established for midwives to adopt EBP program. Furthermore, following a pre-test
and post-test, those results can be evaluated using {WHAT SOFTWARE?
SPSS?}.
Kt qu d kin: {MISSING ANTICIPATED RESULTS}
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin: {MISSING THEORETICAL
AND PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTION}

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw