Heart

Blood Vessels

which work together to

supply the body tissues
with nourishment and
collect waste
materials.

Whatisthecardiovascularsystem?
Thecardiovascularsystemcarriesbloodand
dissolvedsubstancestoandfromdifferentplaces
inthebody.
TheHearthasthejobofpumpingthesethingsaround
thebody.
TheHeartpumpsbloodandsubstancesaroundthe
bodyintubescalledbloodvessels.
TheHeartandbloodvesselstogethermakeupthe
cardiovascularSystem.

Functionsofthecardiovascularsystem:
Distributenutrients,
Transportandexchangeoxygenandcarbondioxide,

Removewastematerials,
Distributesecretionsofendocrineglands,
Regulatebodytemperature.

Howdoesthissystemwork?
pulmonaryvein

pulmonaryartery

lungs
head & arms
aorta
mainvein

Right

Left
liver

digestive system
kidneys
legs

CardiovascularSystem

Ourcardiovascularsystemisadoublecirculatorysystem.
Thismeansithastwopartsparts.
Lungs

therightsideofthe

theleftsideofthe

system

system

dealswith

dealswith

deoxygenatedblood.

oxygenatedblood.

Body cells

the size of your heart is equal

to that of your fist
the human heart creates
enough pressure in the left
ventricle to squirt blood 9.1
metres
According to German
researchers, the risk of
heart attack is higher on
Monday than any other day
of the week.
human heart rate = 100,800
beats/day
fetal heart starts beating during
fourth week of pregnancy
lowest blood pressure is in
right atrium

Location of Heart in Thorax

LarryM.Frolich,Ph.D.,HumanAnatomy

pg 523

Heart is located in
the mediastinum

area from the sternum

to the vertebral
column and between
the lungs

In thoracic cavity:
mediastinum
Apex points
slightly to left
Base at top of
heart

100,000 hb/day
~3B hb/lifetime
4,000 gallons (15,000 L)
blood pumped/day
~60% of blood in veins
at any given time

In thoracic cavity:
mediastinum
Apex points slightly
to left
Base at top of
heart

Around heart:
pericardium
Heart: three
layers
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous layer: dense

irregular c.t. (outside)
Serous layer: moist
(inside)
Turns inward at base

(top of heart) to form

visceral pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Covers heart surface

(epicardium)
Between parietal and
visceral pericardium
Contains pericardial
fluid

Pericarditis
Cardiac tamponade

Epicardium =
visceral
pericardium

Contains fat
deposits in sulci
Other areas: thin
and transparent

Myocardium
Cardiac muscle fibers
Held together by
fibrous skeleton
(collagenous and
elastic fibers)
Recall: intercalated
discs which contain
gap junctions,
desmosomes

What are the three layers of the heart?

Endocardium

Endothelium
Continuous

with vascular
endothelium

Four chambers

Two atria + auricles

Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis

Two ventricles
Interventricular

septum

Four valves

Atrioventricular valves

Right: tricuspid
Left: bicuspid (mitral)
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Prolapse

Semilunar

valves

Right: pulmonary

semilunar
Left: aortic
semilunar

 Stethoscope
Sounds of heartbeat
are formed by
turbulence in blood
flow and valve
closure

2021

first heart sound

(lubb) is created with
the closing of the
atrioventricular
valves
second heart sound
(dupp) is created
with the closing of
semilunar valves

Valve disorders

Stenosis
Stiffened cusps; scar

tissue occludes
opening

http://www.heartcenteronline.c
om/myheartdr/common/articles.c
fm?ARTID=187

Often rheumatic fever

causes

Autoimmune disease
attacks mitral valve:
scarring and more
heart work
Incompetent valve
causes regurgitation
and turbulence =
heart murmur

Mitral valve prolapse

(MVP) MVP can cause

chest paint, fatigue and

shortness of breath. Often,
however, it is not
dangerous. Much more
common in women,
particularly those between
20 and about 40.

From:http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/images/ency/00042848.jpg

Superior/inferior
vena cava
Empty into R

atrium

Pulmonary trunk

At pulmonary
semilunar valve:
R/L pulmonary
arteries

R/L pulmonary veins

empty into L atrium

From:http://connection.lww.com/products/sadler/images/figurelarge1146.jpg

Ascending aorta

Brachiocephalic trunk
R common carotid

artery and R subclavian

artery

L common carotid
artery
L subclavian artery

Ductus arteriosus:
pulm. a. to aorta in
fetus
Systemic vs.
pulmonary circuit
Cor pulmonale: next
slide
From:http://connection.lww.com/products/sadler/images/figurelarge1146.jpg

From:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18131.jpg

Heart doesnt get

blood from chambers
Has its own vessels
Two stem immediately
from ascending aorta
Left coronary artery
(two branches)

Anterior interventricular
branch
Circumflex branch

Right coronary artery

(two branches)

Posterior
interventricular branch
Marginal branch

Anastomoses

Prevent
myocardial
infarction

From:http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/images/guide/disease/cad/artery7.JPG

Aheartattackofteninvolvesaclotinthecoronaryarteriesor
theirbranches.

Inthisillustration,a
clotisshowninthe
locationof#1.Area#2
showstheportionofthe
damagedheartthatis
affectedbytheclot.
ImagebyJ.HeusercourtesyofWikipedia.

Coronary sinus
20% of blood
directly into right
atrium
80% dumps into:

Greater cardiac

vein
Middle cardiac
vein
To coronary sinus
to right atrium

Trace the blood

flow through the
heart, systemic
and pulmonary
circuits beginning
at the right
atrium. Be sure to
include all valves,
chambers and
major blood
vessels connected
to the heart.

Coronary artery disease

(atherosclerosis)
Risk factors (9)
Atherosclerotic plaque
Thrombus and embolism

Heparin
Coumadin (warfarin) (blocks

synth. Of II, VII, IX, X)

Coronary artery bypass grafting
Angioplasty with or without stent
(next page)

Heredity, age, gender (these three

you cant change!);

Obesity, diabetes, smoking,

inactivity, hypertension (also, some
researchers argue high cholesterol),
stress.

Ischemia
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction

From:http://www.yourheart.org.uk/images/myocardial_infarction.jpg

Figure1(commoniliaca.)

Figure2

Ontheleft,aplastictubeisinsertedintothecoronaryarteryuntilitreachestheclogged
area.Inthemiddlediagram,ametaltipwithaballoonattachedispushedouttheendof
theplastictubeintothecloggedarea.Ontheright,whentheballoonisinflated,the
vesselopens.Sometimesmetalcoilsorslottedtubes,calledstents,areinsertedtokeep
thevesselopen.

During this operation,

the surgeon grafts
segments of another
vessel, usually a small
vein from the leg,
between the aorta
and the coronary
vessels, bypassing
areas of blockage.
Patients who require
surgery often receive
two to five bypasses
in a single operation.

Specialized cardiac muscle cells in the SA node region

initiate and send
impulses through the myocardium:

Sinoatrial node (S-A node)

located in the right atrium near the superior vena cava
rhythmic pacemaker
From the S-A node impulses are conducted along the
interatrial muscle throughout the atrial myocardium with
the help of the intercalated disks that connect all cardiac
muscle fibers.
Atrioventricular Node (A-V nose)
located in the inferior interatrial septum
conducts impulses between the atria and ventricles
A-V bundle (Bundle of His)
located in the interventricular septum
divide into left and right bundle branches
give rise to Purkinje fibers that carry impulses
throughout the ventricular myocardium

SA node fires spontaneously 90-100 times

per minute
AV node fires at 40-50 times per minute
If both nodes are suppressed fibers in
ventricles by themselves fire only 20-40
times per minute
Artificial pacemaker needed if pace is too
slow
Extra beats forming at other sites are called
ectopic pacemakers

caffeine & nicotine increase activity

2044

Myogenic cells
Sinoatrial (SA) node:
innate rate: ~100 b/min

Right atrial myocardium

Primary pacemaker; slow
Na+ inflow
ANS regulates

Atrioventricular (AV)
node (Bundle of His)

Single point of electrical

connection bet. atria and
ventricles
40-50 bpm = nodal rhythm
Damage = total heart

block

100 msec delay

ANS regulates

AV bundle (right
and left)
Purkinje fibers
(conduction
fibers)
heart conduction
animation
Ectopic focus

Terminology
Systole
Diastole
Normal
sinus
rhythm: 60100 b/min;
70 ave.
Tachycardia
; >100
Bradycardia
; < 60
palpitations

From:http://www.chez.com/deuns/ps/pression/p506.png

Wrists, ankles, six chest

locations
Basic ECG waves

P wave: atrial
depolarization and systole
When SA fires
QRS complex: ventricular
depolarization
When AV node fires
Note: this masks atrial
repolarization and
diastole
S-T segment: beginning
of ventricular systole
T wave: ventricular
repolarization and diastole

Lets look at it
another way

Size and timing of waves

Significance of large waves
P wave: mitral valve stenosis
Q wave: MI
R: ventricular hypertrophy

Arrhythmias
AV block
Fibrillation

Heart receives visceral

motor innervation
Sympathetic (speeds up)
Parasympathetic (slows
down)
p. 534

LarryM.Frolich,Ph.D.,HumanAnatomy

3 types of vessels

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

Bloodvesselwallconsistsof3layers:
Tunica externa

Outermost layer
CT w/elastin and collagen
Strengthens, Anchors

Tunica media

Middle layer
Circular Smooth Muscle
Vaso-constriction/dilation

Tunica intima

Innermost layer
Endothelium
Minimize friction

Lumen

Large
Thick-walled, Muscular
Elastic
Oxygenated blood

Exception Pulmonary Artery

Carried under great pressure

Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue

Carries blood that contains

waste and CO2

Exception pulmonary vein

Blood not under much

pressure
Valves to prevent much
gravity pull

Venules: larger than

capillaries

Arteries (aa.)
Direction Blood Away from
of flow
Heart
Pressure Higher

Veins (vv.)
Blood to Heart
Lower

Lumen

THICKER: Tunica
media thicker than
tunica externa
Smaller

THINNER: Tunica
externa thicker
than tunica media
Larger

Valves

No valves

Valves

Walls

Microscopic--one
cell layer thick
Network
Bathed in
extracellular matrix
of areolar tissue
Entire goal of C-V
system is to get
blood into
capillaries where
diffusion takes
place

PassageofBloodthroughtheHeart

Body

RightAtrium(tricuspidvalve)RightVentricle

SVC/IVC
(pulmonarysemilunarvalve)

PulmonaryArteries
Pulmonarytrunk

Lungs
PulmonaryVeins
LeftAtrium
bicuspid(mitral)valve

Body

Aorta

(aorticsemilunarvalve)
2059

LeftVentricle

SystemicCircuit
PulmonaryCircuit

SystemicCircuit

Regular exercise
Weight control
Well balanced diet
Do not smoke
Diet low in
saturated fat

THANK