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EKT 441

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 3:
MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYSIS
(PART 1)

NETWORK ANALYSIS

Many times we are only interested in the voltage (V) and current
(I) relationship at the terminals/ports of a complex circuit.
If mathematical relations can be derived for V and I, the circuit
can be considered as a black box.
For a linear circuit, the I-V relationship is linear and can be written
in the form of matrix equations.
A simple example of linear 2-port circuit is shown below. Each
port is associated with 2 parameters, the V and I.
I1

Convention for positive


polarity current and voltage

I2
+

Port 1

V1

V2 Port 2
-

NETWORK ANALYSIS

For this 2 port circuit we can easily derive the I-V relations.
I1

I1 1 V1 V2
R

I1 I 2 jCV2

V1

I 2 1 V1 1 jC V2
R

jCV2

V2

We can choose V1 and V2 as the independent variables, the I-V

Network parameters
(Y-parameters)

relation can be expressed in matrix equations


1
1 V1
I1 R
I1 y11
R

I 1

1
I y
2 R R jC V2
2 21

I1
Port 1

I2

I1

V1

I1

I2
C

y12 V1
y22 V2

V2 Port 2

V1

I2

2 - Ports

V2

NETWORK ANALYSIS

To determine the network parameters, the following relations can


be used:
I
I
y11 1
y12 1
I1 y11 y12 V1
V1 V 0
V 2 V 0

2
1
I y
V
y
22 2
2 21
I2
I
y21

or

I Y V

V1 V 0
2

y22 2

V 2 V 0
1

This means we short circuit the port

For example to measure y11, the following setup can be used:


I1
V1

I2

2 - Ports

V2 = 0

Short circuit

NETWORK ANALYSIS

By choosing different combination of independent variables,


different network parameters can be defined. This applies to all
linear circuits no matter how complex.
Furthermore this concept can be generalized to more than 2
I1
ports, called N - port networks.
I1
V1

Linear circuit, because all


elements have linear I-V relation

V1

I2
V2

2 - Ports

V1 z11
V z
2 21

z12
z 22

I1
I
2

V1 h11 h12
I h

2 21 h22

I1
V
2

I2
V2

ABCD MATRIX

Of particular interest in RF and microwave systems is ABCD


parameters. ABCD parameters are the most useful for
representing Tline and other linear microwave components in
Take note of the
general.

V1 A B V2
I C D I
2
1
V1 AV2 BI 2

direction of positive current!

I1

I2

(4.1a)
V1

2 -Ports

I1 CV2 DI 2
V1
I1
V1
B
C
A
D
I 2 V 0
V2 I 0
V2 I 0
2
2
2
Open circuit Port 2

I1
I 2 V 0
2

(4.1b)

Short circuit Port 2

V2

ABCD MATRIX

The ABCD matrix is useful for characterizing the overall response


of 2-port networks that are cascaded to each other.

I2

I1
V1

A1 B1
C D
1
1

I2
V2

I3
A2
C
2

B2

D2

V3

V1 A1 B1 A2 B2
I C D C

D
1 2
2
1 1
V1 A3 B3 V3

I
C
D
I
3 3
1 3
Overall ABCD matrix

V3
I
3

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Usually we use Y, Z, H or ABCD parameters to


describe a linear two port network.
These parameters require us to open or short a
network to find the parameters.
At radio frequencies it is difficult to have a proper short
or open circuit, there are parasitic inductance and
capacitance in most instances.
Open/short condition leads to standing wave, can
cause oscillation and destruction of device.
For non-TEM propagation mode, it is not possible to
measure voltage and current. We can only measure
power from E and H fields.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Hence a new set of parameters (S) is needed which


Do not need open/short condition.
Do not cause standing wave.
Relates to incident and reflected power waves, instead of
voltage and current.

As
Asoppose
opposeto
toVVand
andI,I,S-parameters
S-parametersrelate
relatethe
thereflected
reflectedand
andincident
incident
voltage
voltagewaves.
waves.
S-parameters
S-parametershave
havethe
thefollowing
followingadvantages:
advantages:
1.
1.Relates
Relatesto
tofamiliar
familiarmeasurement
measurementsuch
suchas
asreflection
reflectioncoefficient,
coefficient,
gain,
gain,loss
lossetc.
etc.
2.
2.Can
Cancascade
cascadeS-parameters
S-parametersof
ofmultiple
multipledevices
devicesto
topredict
predictsystem
system
performance
performance(similar
(similarto
toABCD
ABCDparameters).
parameters).
3.
3.Can
Cancompute
computeZ,
Z,YYor
orHHparameters
parametersfrom
fromS-parameters
S-parametersififneeded.
needed.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Consider an n port network:

Reference plane
for local z-axis
(z = 0)

Each port is considered to be


connected to a Tline with
specific Zc.

Port 1
Zc1

Port n
Zcn

Port 2
Zc2

T-line or
waveguide

Linear
n - port
network

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

There is a voltage and current on each port.


This voltage (or current) can be decomposed into the incident (+) and reflected component (-).

V z V2 e jz V2 e jz
V 0 V2 V2 V2

V1+ V1-

I z I 2 e jz I 2 e jz

Port 2

Port 1

z=0

Linear
n - port
Network

Port 1

V1

I1

+z

+
V1-

Port
V1 n

I 0 I 2 I 2 I 2

V1+

V1 V1 V1
I1 I1 I1

1 V1 V1
Z
c1

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

The port voltage and current can be normalized with respect to the impedance
connected to it.
It is customary to define normalized voltage waves at each port as:

Normalized
incident waves

ai

Vi

(4.3a)

Z ci

i = 1, 2, 3 n

ai I i Z ci
bi

Vi
Z ci

bi I i Z ci

Normalized
reflected waves

(4.3b)

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Thus in general:
V1+ V1-

Port 1
Vn+
Vn- Port n

Zc1

Port 2
V2+
V2-

Zc2

T-line or
waveguide

Linear
n - port
Network

Zcn

VVi++and
VVi- -are
propagating
and
i
i are propagating
voltage
voltagewaves,
waves,which
whichcan
can
be
bethe
theactual
actualvoltage
voltagefor
forTEM
TEM
modes
modesor
orthe
theequivalent
equivalent
voltages
voltagesfor
fornon-TEM
non-TEMmodes.
modes.
(for
(fornon-TEM,
non-TEM,VVisisdefined
defined
proportional
proportionalto
totransverse
transverseEE
field
fieldwhile
whileI Iisisdefined
definedproporproportional
tionalto
totransverse
transverseHHfield,
field,see
see
[1]
[1]for
fordetails).
details).

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

If the n port network is linear (make sure you know what this means!), there is a linear relationship between the
normalized waves.
For instance if we energize port 2:

V1 -

Port 1

V sV

V sV

Zc1

Vn -

Port n

12

Port 2
V2+
V

Zc2

Linear
n - port
Network

22

Zcn

s V
n2

Constant that
depends on the
network construction

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Considering that we can send energy into all ports, this can be
generalized to: V s V s V s V s V

11

12

13

1n

V s V s V s V s V

21

22

23

2n

V s V s V s V s V

n1

n2

n3

nn

(4.4a)

Or written in Matrix equation:

V
:

V SV

or

21

s
s

11

n1

s
s
:

...
...

...

12

22

n2

V

V
:

s V

s
s
:

1n

2n

nn

(4.4b)

Where sij is known as the generalized Scattering (S) parameter, or


just S-parameters for short. From (4.3), each port i can have
different characteristic impedance Zci

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Consider the N-port network shown in figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: An arbitrary N-port microwave network

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Vn+ is the amplitude of the voltage wave incident on port n.

Vn- is the amplitude of the voltage wave reflected from port n.

The scattering matrix or [S] matrix, is defined in relation to


these incident and reflected voltage wave as:

V1

V2

S11
S
21

.
.

.
.
S N 1

S12 . . . S1N

. . . .
.
. . . .
.

. . . .
.
. . . .
.

. . . . S NN

V1

V2
.

[4.1a]

.
.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


or

V S V

[4.1b]

A specific element of the [S] matrix can be determined as:

Vi
S ij
Vj

[4.2]
Vk 0 , for k j

Sij is found by driving port j with an incident wave Vj+, and measuring
the reflected wave amplitude, Vi-, coming out of port i.
The incident waves on all ports except j-th port are set to zero (which
means that all ports should be terminated in matched load to avoid
reflections).
Thus, Sii is the reflection coefficient seen looking into port i when all
other ports are terminated in matched loads, and Sij is the transmission
coefficient from port j to port i when all other ports are terminated in
matched loads.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

For 2-port networks, (4.4) reduces to:

V s

V s

11

21

V
s
V

11

s
s
12

22

21

V2 0

(4.5a)

V
s
V

V
s
V

22

V2 0

V
s
V

(4.5b)

12

V1 0

V1 0

Note that Vi+ = 0 implies that we terminate i th port with its


characteristic impedance.
Thus zero reflection eliminates standing wave.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


Vs

V1+

V2-

Zc1
Zc1

2 Port

V1-

V
s
V

Measurement of s11 and s21:

Zc1

Zc2

V
s
V

11

V1

Zc2

21

V2 0

V2 0

V2+
Zc2

2 Port

Zc1

V2 Measurement of s22 and


s12:

V
s
V

22

V
s
V

12

V1 0

V1 0

Zc2

Vs

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Input-output behavior of network is defined in terms of normalized


power waves
S-parameters are measured based on properly terminated
transmission lines (and not open/short circuit conditions)

[ s ] {[ s ] }
*

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

THE SCATTERING MATRIX

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


Reciprocal and Lossless networks
Impedance and admittance matrices are symmetric for reciprocal
networks
A symmetric network happens when:

[s] [ s]

(4.6a)

It is also purely imaginary for lossless network (no real power can
be delivered to the network)

[ s ] {[ s ] }
*

(4.6b)

A matrix that satisfies the condition of (4.6b) is called a unitary


matrix

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


Transpose

of a Matrix (taken from Engineering


Maths 4th Ed by KA Stroud)

a b
S

c d
Transpose of [S],
written as [S]t

a c
S t

b d

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


Symmetrical

Matrix (taken from Engineering


Maths 4th Ed by KA Stroud)
If

a
S
a

11

12

a
21

22

It is symmetrical when aij = aji


When a [S] is symmetric, it is also reciprocal

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


Reciprocal and Lossless networks (cont)
The matrix equation in (4.6b) can be re-written in;

S S 1

For i = j

S S 0

For i j

ki

ki

(4.7)

k 1
N

ki

kj

k 1

Used to determine
reciprocality for a 2 port
network

OR

| S || S | 1
11

21

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

Find the S parameters of the 3 dB attenuator circuit shown


in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: A matched 3 dB attenuator with a 50


characteristic impedance.

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

From the following formula, S11 can be found as the


reflection coefficient seen at port 1 when port 2 is
terminated with a matched load (Z0 =50 );

V
S
V

ij

Vk 0 fork j

The equation becomes;

V
S
V

11

V2 0

Z Z

Z Z
(1)

(1)

in

V2 0

Z0

(1)

in

On port 2

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

To calculate Zin(1), we can use the following formula;

(1)
in

141.8(8.56 50)
8.56
50
141.8 (8.56 50)

Thus S11 = 0. Because of the symmetry of the circuit,


S22 = 0.
S21 can be found by applying an incident wave at port 1,
V1+, and measuring the outcome at port 2, V2-. This is
equivalent to the transmission
coefficient from port 1 to

port 2:
V2

S
21

V2 0

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

From the fact that S11 = S22 = 0, we know that V1- = 0 when
port 2 is terminated in Z0 = 50 , and that V2+ = 0. In this
case we have V1+ = V1 and V2- = V2.

41.44
V V V

41.44 8.56

50

0.7071V
50 8.56

Where 41.44 = (141.8//58.56) is the combined resistance


of 50 and 8.56 paralled with the 141.8 resistor.
Thus, S21 = S12 = 0.707

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

A two port network is known to have the following


scattering matrix:

0.15 0
S
0.85 45

0.85 45

a)
b)

c)

0.2 0

Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless.


If port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the
return loss seen at port 1?
If port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the
return loss seen at port 1?

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

Q: Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless


Since [S] is not symmetric, the network is not reciprocal. Taking the 1st
column, (i = 1) gives;

| S | | S | (0.15) (0.85) 0.745 1


2

11

21

So the network is not lossless.


Q: If port two is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss
seen at port 1?
When port 2 is terminated with a matched load, the reflection coefficient
seen at port 1 is = S11 = 0.15. So the return loss is;

RL 20 log | | 20 log(0.15) 16.5dB

Used to determine
reciprocality for a 2 port
network

| S || S | 1
11

21

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

Q: If port two is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss
seen at port 1?
When port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, the reflection coefficient
seen at port 1 can be found as follow
From the definition of the scattering matrix and the fact that V 2+ = - V2(for a short circuit at port 2), we can write:

V s V s V s V s V

11

12

11

12

V s V s V s V s V

21

22

21

22

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

The second equation gives;

S
V
V
1 S

21

22

Dividing the first equation by V1+ and using the above result gives the
reflection coefficient seen as port 1 as;

V
V
S S

S S
S
V
V
1 S
1

11

12

12

21

11

22

(0.85 45 )(0.8545 )
0.15
0.452
1 0.2
0

THE SCATTERING MATRIX


(Ex)

The return loss is;

RL 20 log | | 20 log(0.452) 6.9dB

Important points to note:


Reflection coefficient looking into port n is not equal to Snn, unless all other
ports are matched
Transmission coefficient from port m to port n is not equal to Snm, unless all
other ports are matched
S parameters of a network are properties only of the network itself
(assuming the network is linear)
It is defined under the condition that all ports are matched
Changing the termination or excitation of a network does not change its S
parameters, but may change the reflection coefficient seen at a given port,
or transmission coefficient between two ports

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