Professional Documents
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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol
INEL 6216
Waveguide components
Rectangular waveguide
Waveguide bends
E-tee
More waveguides
http://www.tallguide.com/Waveguidelinearity.html
Uses
High frequencies
High power
Rectangular WG
Ez Hz Ex Hx Ey Hy
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/wguide.html
Rectangular Waveguides:
Fields inside
Using phasors & assuming waveguide
filled with
lossless dielectric material and
walls of perfect conductor,
the wave inside should obey
2 E k 2 E 0
2 H k 2 H 0
where
k 2 2 c
2 Ez 2 Ez 2 Ez
2
k Ez 0
2
2
2
x
y
z
Solving by method of Separation of Variables :
E z ( x, y, z ) X ( x)Y ( y ) Z ( z )
from where we obtain :
X '' Y '' Z ''
k 2
X
Y
Z
''
''
X
Y
Z
2
k
X
Y
Z
k x2 k y2 2 k 2
h 2 2 k 2 k x2 k y2
Y k Y 0
Z '' 2 Z 0
Z ( z ) c5ez c6 e z
''
''
2
x
2
y
Substituting
E z ( x, y, z ) X ( x)Y ( y ) Z ( z )
Other components
From Faraday and Ampere Laws we can find the remaining
four components:
E z j H z
2
2
h x
h
y
E z j H z
Ey 2
2
h y
h
x
j E z H z
Hx 2
2
h y h x
j E z H z
Hy 2
2
h x h y
where
Ex
h 2 2 k 2 k x2 k y2
Modes of propagation
From these equations we can conclude:
TEM (Ez=Hz=0) cant propagate.
TM Mode
E z A2 A4 sin k x x sin k y y e jz
Figure from: www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/rect/info.htm
TM Mode
Substituting
m
a
E z Eo sin
n j z
x sin
y e
where
2
m
n
2
h
a
b
k
2
TMmn
m
E z Eo sin
a
Hz 0
n j z
x sin
y e
E z
Ex 2
h x
E z
Ey 2
h y
j E z
Hx 2
h y
j E z
Hy 2
h x
m
mx
ny z
Ex 2
Eo cos
sin
e
h a
a
b
n
mx
ny z
Ey 2
Eo sin
cos
e
h b
a
b
j n
mx
ny z
Hx 2
Eo sin
cos
e
h b
a
b
j m
mx
ny z
Hy 2
Eo cos
sin
e
h a
a
b
TM modes
The m and n represent the mode of propagation
and indicates the number of variations of the
field in the x and y directions
Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all
fields are zero.
See applet by Paul Falstad
http://www.falstad.com/embox/guide.html
TM Cutoff
2
x
k y2 k 2
2
Evanescent:
1
or f c
2
m
n
2
a
b
b
2
m
n
a
b
then j 0
2
m
n
When 2
a
b
Propagation:
and 0
m
n
When
a
b
j and 0
This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
attenuation
Cutoff
Propagation
of mode mn
fc,mn
f c mn
u' m
n
2 a
b
m
n
2
a
b
fc
' 1
f
up
'
2 u p
Ey
fc
Ex
' 1
Hy
Hx
f
Summary of TM modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
' / u '
' /
u ' / ' f 1 /
' u ' / f
TM
f
' 1 c
f
up
f
' 1 c
f
'
1
fc
f
Ez
mx e j t z
A sin
Ez
m=1
m=2
m=3
a x
a x
TE Mode
H z B1 B3 cos k x x cos k y y e jz
TE Mode
Substituting
mx
n jz
H z H o cos
cos
y e
a
b
where again
2
m
n
h2
a
b
TEmn
m
n jz
H z H o cos
x cos
y e
a
b
Ez 0
j H z
Ex 2
h
y
j H z
Ey 2
h
x
H z
Hx 2
h x
H z
Hy 2
h y
j n
mx
ny z
Ex 2
H o cos
sin
e
h b
a
b
j m
mx
ny z
Ey 2
H o sin
cos
e
h a
a
b
j
Hx 2
h
m
mx
ny z
H o sin
cos
e
a
a
b
j n
mx
ny z
Hy 2
H o cos
sin
e
h b
a
b
attenuation
Cutoff
Propagation
of mode mn
fc,mn
f c mn
u' m
n
2 a
b
Dominant Mode
Summary of TE modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
' / u '
' /
u ' / ' f 1 /
' u ' / f
TE
up
'
2
f
1 c
f
f
' 1 c
f
'
1
fc
f
TE
TM
fc,mn
Example:
Consider a length of air-filled copper X-band waveguide, with
dimensions a=2.286cm, b=1.016cm operating at 10GHz.
Find the cutoff frequencies of all possible propagating
modes.
Solution:
From the formula for the cut-off frequency
f c mn
u' m
n
2 a
b
Example
An air-filled 5-by 2-cm waveguide has
E z 20 sin 40x sin 50y e jz V/m
at 15GHz
What mode is being propagated?
Find
Determine Ey/Ex
Group velocity, ug
rad/s m
rad/m s
u p u g u '
http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14092/css/14092_71.htm
Ey
j
mx z
H
sin
e
o
h2 a
a
Group Velocity
As frequency is increased,
the group velocity increases.
Power transmission
Re E H
2
Ex E y
2
Re E x H y E y H x
[W/m2]
Pave Pave dS
x 0 y 0
Ex E y
2
dy dx
[W]
Attenuation in Lossy
waveguide
Pave Po e 2z
dPave
PL
2Pave
dz
Dielectric
conductivity!
'
f
2 1 c
f
2 Rs
f
b ' 1 c ,10
f
0.5 b f c ,10
a f
Waveguide Cavities
Cavity TM Mode to z
Solving by Separation of Variables :
E z ( x, y, z ) X ( x)Y ( y ) Z ( z )
from where we obtain :
X(x) c1 cos k x x c2 sin k x x
Y(y) c3 cos k y y c4 sin k y y
Z ( z ) c5 cos k z z c6 sin k z z
where k 2 k x2 k y2 k z
a
b
c
E z Eo sin
where
k2
m
n
p
a
b
c
E z 0 at y 0 ,b
E z 0 at x 0 ,a
E y E x 0, at z 0 ,c
Resonant frequency
u' m
n
p
fr
2 a
b
c
Cavity TE Mode to z
Solving by Separation of Variables :
H z ( x, y, z ) X ( x)Y ( y ) Z ( z )
from where we obtain :
X(x) c1 cos k x x c2 sin k x x
Y(y) c3 cos k y y c4 sin k y y
Z ( z ) c5 cos k z z c6 sin k z z
where k k k k z
2
2
x
2
y
a
b
c
H z 0 at z 0 ,c
E y 0 at x 0 ,a
E x 0, at y 0 ,b
Quality Factor, Q
Univ. of Mississippi
Quality Factor, Q
Is defined as
Time avera ge energy stored
Q 2
loss energy per cycle of oscillation
W
2
PL
c 2 abc
2b a 3 c 3 ac a 2 c 2
where
1
f101 o c
Example
For a cavity of dimensions; 3cm x 2cm x 7cm filled with
air and made of copper (c=5.8 x 107)
Find the resonant frequency and the quality factor
2
2
2
for the dominant mode.
3 1010 1
1
0
f r110
9GHz
2
3
2
7
Answer:
3 1010 1
0
1
fr
2
3
2
7
QTE101
1
(5.44 109 ) o c
5.44GHz
1.6 10 6
72 3 2 7
568,378
3
3
2
2
2 2 3 7 3 7 3 7