KINEMATICS

Kinematics is the study of how things move.

Kinematics (from Greek , kinein, to move) is the branch
of classical mechanics that describes the motion of
objects without consideration of the causes leading to
the motion
Linear Motion :
Linear or translational kinematics is the description of
the motion in space of a point along a line, also known
as trajectory or path.
This path can be either straight (rectilinear) or curved
(curvilinear).

KINEMATICS
SUBSCRIPTS

Terms with the subscript O denotes initial or

starting or original value or your initial reference
value

XO : means initial position in

x-axis

Terms with the subscript F denotes final or end

value at a certain condition (time or displacement)

VF : means end reference

velocity

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (X-AXIS)

F

=
S

Displacement (Distance) The change of position. Units :

m, cm, km, ft

x = xF xO

s = xF xO

Time Interval The time difference between two events.

Units : sec, min, hrs

t = tF tO

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (X-AXIS)

F

=
S

Velocity (Speed) The rate of change of position with respect

to time (interval) . Units : km/hr, m/s, ft/s
From this equation we can
Average Velocity
derive :

s
v=
t

x xO
=F
t F tO

s = vt and
= s/v

NOTE : These equations are

useful if there is NO
ACCELERATION

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (X-AXIS)

tO

tF

XF

x=
F(t)

tF

Instantaneous
Velocity
dx
v(t) =
dt

tO

x
X
O

XF

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (X-AXIS)

tO

tF

VF

v : Change in velocity = vF
vO

Acceleration The rate of change of velocity with respect to

time (interval). Units : m/s2 , km/hr2 , ft/s2

Average
Acceleration
V
V VO
a=
= F
t
tF tO

Instantaneous Acceleration
a(t) =

dv
dt

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (x-axis)

Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration are
Vector Quantities. Thus sign convention is
used :
For Displacement & Velocity The sign
convention would just tell if the object is
going to the left or right.
For Acceleration The sign convention
would just tell if the object is speeding up
or slowing down.

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (x-axis)

Equations for Linear
Motion

From Average Acceleration

vF vO
vF vO
a=
=
tF t O
t

vF = vO +
at

Where acceleration is
constant

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (x-axis)

Equations for Linear
Motion

From Instantaneous Velocity

dx
dx =
v=
dt
vdt
dx =
vFdt

= (vO + at)dt

dx = (vO + at)dt

[ s ] = v O[ t ] +
a[ t2 ]
s = v Ot +
at2

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (x-axis)

Equations for Linear
Motion

From the two equations :

vF = v O +
at

s = vOt +
at2

t derived from 1

t = (vF vO ) /
a
t substituted in 2
s = vO [ (vF vO ) / a ] + a [ (vF
vsO =
) /[(a]v2 v v 2 ) / a ] + [ (v 2 2v v
O F
O
F
O F
+ vO 2 ) / a ]
s = [( vOvF vO2 ) + (vF2 2vOvF
2
+
O )]
asv=
v /va v 2 + v 2 v v
O

+as=v + v 2
F
2

asv=
+ (vF2 vO2 )
O
2
O

as = + (vF2
2
v
O )= v 2
2as
F
2
vO

vF2 = vO2 + 2as

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (x-axis)

Kinematics Equations for Linear Motion with
Constant Acceleration (along x-axis)
vF = vO + at
s = vO t +
at2
vF2 = vO2 +
2aS

Where acceleration is
constant

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (X-AXIS)

Five kinematic variables:

1. displacement, s
2. acceleration (constant), a
3. final velocity (at time t), vF
4. initial velocity, vo
5. elapsed time, t

Problem Solving Strategy

1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to
be called positive (+) and
negative (-). Use a standard sign
convention.
3. Write down the values that
are given for any of the five
kinematic variables.
4. Verify that the information
contains values for at least three

Sample Poblems for Kinematics Motion along a

straight line (x-axis)
1. A hiker travels in a straight line for 40 mins with an
average velocity of magnitude 1.25 m/s. What distance does
he cover during this time ?
Given
Find
t= 40 mins, v = 1.25 m/s
distance covered

Solution
v = s/t, s = vt
Convert t to seconds first :
t = 40 mins X (60 sec / 1min) = 2,400 secs
s = vt = ( 1.25 m/s)(2,400 s) = 3000 m = 3 km

2. A car odometer reads 22,487 km at the start of a trip and

22,891 km at the end. The trip took 4 hours. What was the
cars average speed in m/s?
Given
: x = 22,487
xF = 22,891
O
kmAverage Velocity
km
v

s
=
t

Required :
t = 4 hrs

x F xO
t F tO

s = xF xO = 22,891 22,487
S = 404 km
s = 404 km * (1,000 m / 1km) =
404,000m
t = 4 hrs * ( 3,600 sec / 1hr) =
14,400 sec

V = S/t = 404,000m /
14,400s
V = 28.055 m/s

3. A hobbyist is testing a new model rocket engine by using

it to propel a cart along a model railroad track. He
determines that its motion along the x-axis is described by
the equation : x(t) = (0.160 m/s2) t2 . Compute for the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the cart at time t
= Given
3 seconds.
Find
x(t) = (0.160 m/s2)t2
Solution
x(t) = (0.160)t2
/dt = 2(0.16)t

dx

vi = 2(0.16 m/s2)
(3s)
vi = 0.96 m/s

vi @ t = 3sec

4. A car has velocity v given as a function of time

v(t) = A + Bt2 , where A = 4 m/s & B = 0.2 m/s3 Calculate :
a. The average acceleration for the time interval tO = 0 to tF
= 5 sec.
b. The magnitude of the instantaneous acceleration for t = 0
Solution
and t = 5 secs.
a. a average from tO= 0, tF b. ai instantaneous for t = 0 & t =
5sec
= 5 sec
v(t) = 4 + 0.2 t2
v(t) = 4 + 0.2 t2
dv
a = v / t = (vF vO)/(tF tO) a(t) = /dt = 0 + 2(0.2)t

vO = v(0) = 4 + 0.2(0)2 = 4
m/s

a(t)= 0.4t

vF = v(5) = 4 + 0.2(5)2 = 9
m/s

b.2 ai @ t = 5 , a(5)= 0.4m/s3(5s) =

2 m/s2

a =(9 m/s 4 m/s) / (5 s 0 s)

b.1 ai @ t = 0 , a(0)= 0.4(0) = 0

5. What is the acceleration of a car that travels in a straight

line at a constant speed of 150 km/hr?
Ans : a = 0 , constant speed means, no
acceleration

6. A car is traveling along a straight road at 10 m/s. It

accelerates uniformly for 25 seconds until it is moving at 35
m/s. What was the acceleration?
Given
Required :
: V = 10 m/s V = 35 m/s t = 25 s
O
F
a

VF = VO + at
35 = 10 + a(25)
35 = 10 + 25a
35 10 = 25a
25 = 25a
(25/25) = a
1=a

s = VOt +
at2
Since the cars
speed increases
a is positive

a = +1
m/s2

V F2 = V O 2 +
2as

7. A car covers a distance of 50 m in 10 seconds while

smoothly slowing down to a final speed of 2.5 m/s.
A) Find the car's original speed.
B) Find the car's acceleration.
Given
Required
:
:
S = 50
VO & a
t = 10 s VF = 2.5 m/s
m
VF = VO + at
S = VOt +
VF2 = VO2 +
at2
2aS
50 = VO (10) +
2.5 = VO + a(10)
2
a(10)
2.5 = VO + 10a
50 = 10VO + 50a <
VO = 2.5 10 a < eq. 1 eq. 2
eq. 1 in eq.2

50 = 10(2.510a) +
50a= 25 100a +
50
50 25 = 100a +
50a
50a=
25
50a
a = 0.5
a = 0.5 m/s2 (slowing
m/s2
down)

value of a in eq.1

VO = 2.5 10(-0.5)
VO = 2.5 + 5
VO = 7.5 m/s

8. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at

a rate of 1.60 m/s2 for 8 sec. It runs at constant speed for 70 sec,
and decelerates at 2.5 m/s2 until it stops at the next station.
Find the total distance (traveled) covered.
s1 = 51.2 m

s2 =

s3 =

STN A

STN B

t = t = 8
sec
a =+1.6

t = t = 70
a = 0 sec
<constant
speed>

m/s2
0
xo = 0
to =

Vo = 0

a = 2.5
m/s2
2

x1 =
t1 =8 sec
V1 =12.8
m/s

From 0
to=1Vot + at2
s
s1 = V0t + at2
s1 =(0)(8s) + (1.6
m/s2)(8s)2
s1 = 51.2 m

VF = VO +
at
V1 = V0 + at
V1 = 0 + (1.6 m/s2)(8s) =
12.8 m/s

8. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at

a rate of 1.60 m/s2 for 8 sec. It runs at constant speed for 70 sec,
and decelerates at 2.5 m/s2 until it stops at the next station.
Find the total distance (traveled) covered.
s1 = 51.2 m

s2 = 896 m

s3

STN A

STN B

t = t = 8
sec
a =+1.6

t = t = 70
a = 0 sec
<constant
speed>

m/s2
0
xo = 0
to =

Vo = 0

a = 2.5
m/s2

x1 =

x2 =

x3 =

t1 =8 sec

t2 = 78 sec

t3 =

V1 =12.8
m/s

V2 =12.8
m/s

V3 = 0

From 1
to
s =2Vot + at2
s2 = V1t + at2
s2 =(12.8 m/s)(70s) +
(0)(70s)2
s2 = 896 m

VF = VO +
at = V
V
2
1
+ at
V2 = 12.8 m/s + (0)(70s) =
12.8 m/s

8. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at

a rate of 1.60 m/s2 for 8 sec. It runs at constant speed for 70 sec,
and decelerates at 2.5 m/s2 until it stops at the next station.
Find the total distance (traveled) covered.
s1 = 51.2 m

s2 = 896 m

s3 =32.768
m

STN A

STN B

t = t = 8
sec
a =+1.6

t = t = 70
a = 0 sec
<constant
speed>

m/s2
0
xo = 0
to =

Vo = 0

x1 =

x2 =

x3 =

t1 =8 sec

t2 = 78 sec

t3 =

V1 =12.8
m/s

V2 =12.8
m/s

V3 = 0

From 2
to 3
VF2 = VO2 + 2as

V3 = V2 + 2as3
2

(0)2 = (12.8m/s)2 + 2( 2.5

2
m/s
)(s3) 2/s2 = 5 m/s2(s )
163.84m
3

s3 =

a = 2.5
m/s2
3

sT = 51.2 m + 896m + 32.768

m
sT = 979.968 m
980 m

VELOCITIES & POSITION BY INTEGRATION

Given :

a = f(t)
Via
integration :
For Velocity v(t) = vo + 0 t
:
dt = x + t
For Position ax(t)
o
0
:
v dt
Where vo and xo are the values
at t = 0
Determining Maximum Values :
For Velocity : Set a(t) = 0, solve for value of t, then
substitute
it to
v(t)v(t) = 0, solve for value of t, then
For Position
: Set
substitute it to x(t)

VELOCITIES & POSITION BY INTEGRATION

Example :
The acceleration of a motorcycle is given by :
a(t) = At Bt 2, where A =
1.5 m/s3 and B = 0.12 m/s4 .
The motorcycle is at rest at the origin at t=0.
(a) Find the position and
velocity as a function of time.
(b) Calculate
the maximum velocity and maximum
Solution
:
displacement it attain
(a) Via integration : Velocity is :
v(t) = vo + 0t [At Bt2] dt = vo + At2 (1/3)Bt3
v(t) = 0+ (1.5m/s3)t2 (1/3)(0.12m/s4)t3 , at t = 0
vo = 0 (at rest)
v(t) = (0.75m/s3)t2 (0.04m/s4)t3

VELOCITIES & POSITION BY INTEGRATION

Example :
The acceleration of a motorcycle is given by :
a(t) = At Bt 2, where A =
1.5 m/s3 and B = 0.12 m/s4 .
The motorcycle is at rest at the origin at t=0.
(a) Find the position and
velocity as a function of time.
Continuation
: the maximum velocity and maximum
(b) Calculate
displacement
it attain
and
Position will
be :
x(t) = xo + 0t [(0.75m/s3)t2 (0.04m/s4)t3] dt
x(t) = 0 + (1/3)(0.75m/s3)t3 (1/4)(0.04m/s4)t4 , at t
= 0 xo = 0 (at origin)
x(t) = (0.25m/s3)t3 (0.01m/s4)t4

VELOCITIES & POSITION BY INTEGRATION

Working Equations :
a(t) = (1.5m/s3)t (0.12m/s4)t2
v(t) = (0.75m/s3)t2 (0.04m/s4)t3

x(t) = (0.25m/s3)t3
(0.01m/s4)t4

Continuation :
(b.1) Maximum Velocity :
Set a(t) = 0, then solve for t :
a(t) = 1.5t 0.12t2 = 0
t(1.5 0.12t) = 0
t = 0 and t = (1.5/0.12) = 12.5 s
Subs in v(t)
v(12.5) = (0.75m/s3)(12.5s)2 (0.04m/s4)(12.5s)3
vmax = 39.0625 m/s

VELOCITIES & POSITION BY INTEGRATION

Working Equations :
a(t) = (1.5m/s3)t (0.12m/s4)t2
v(t) = (0.75m/s3)t2 (0.04m/s4)t3

x(t) = (0.25m/s3)t3
(0.01m/s4)t4

Continuation :
(b.2) Maximum Displacement:
Set v(t) = 0, then solve for t :
v(t) = 0.75t2 0.04t3 = 0
t2(0.75 0.04t) = 0
t = 0 and t = (0.75/0.04) = 18.75 s
Subs in x(t)
x(18.75) = (0.25m/s3)(18.75s)3
(0.01m/s4)(18.75s)4
xmax = 411.987 m

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (y-axis)

Case 1 : Object Going
Downward
tO

yO

V
O

tF

yF

or h

VF

If object is released
without initial velocity (Vo
= 0) it is considered a
freely falling body

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (y-axis)

Case 2 : Object Thrown
Upward
At the highest level the velocity is
zero
tH
yVH = V = 0
tH
yVH = V = 0

t1

tO

yO
Going Up

VO

or ht2

tF

yF

VF

Going Down = Free

Fall

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (y-axis)

For Motion along Y-Axis
The displacement is now VERTICAL.
We refer to it as HEIGHT.

y = h
Acceleration here is a fixed value
called the gravitational acceleration
(g)

g= 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 =

32 ft/s2

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (Y-AXIS)

General Equations for Linear Motion (Y-axis)
vF = vO + gt
h = vOt +
gt2
vF2 = vO2 + 2gh
For Height & Velocity
The sign convention
would just tell if the
object is going down
() or up (+).

Sign Convention for

gravitational acceleration (g)
ALWAYS NEGATIVE

g = 9.8 m/s2 =
980 cm/s2 (metric
system)
g = 32 ft/s2
(english system)

Sample Problems :
1. If a flea can jump to a height of 0.75 m, what is its
initial velocity as it leave the ground? For how much
time is it in the air?
Given
: h = 0.75
m

VF = VO + gt

VH = 0

h=0.75
m

VO

g = 9.8
m/s

Required
VO: & time in air (T)

h = VOt +
gt2

V F2 = V O 2 +
2gh

02 = VO2 + 2(-9.8)(0.75) VF = VO + gt
0 = VO2 14.7
0 = 3.834 +(-9.8)t
VO2 = 14.7
9.8t = 3.834
VO = 3.834 m/s
t = 3.834/9.8
t = 0.39 s
this is only going up, but this is also the
same time going down, hence T = 2t =
0.78 s

Sample Problems :
2. A brick is dropped from the roof of a building. The
brick strikes the ground after 5 seconds.
a. How tall, in meters, is the building (magnitude
only)?
b. What is the magnitude of the bricks velocity just
before it reaches the ground?
VO = 0

t = 5s
h=?

VF = ?

h = vOt +
vF = vO + gt
2
gt
h = (0)(5) + (-9.8)
VF = 0 +(-9.8)
2
(5)
(5)
h = 122.5
VF = 49 m/s
m
() sign here
means below the
reference or
starting point.

h =122.5 m
(down)

() sign here
means going
down.

VF = 49 m/s
(downward)

Sample Problems :
3. A student throws a water balloon vertically
downward from the top of a building. The balloon
leaves the throwers hand with a speed of 15 m/s.
a. What is its speed in 5 seconds?
b. How far does it fall in 2 seconds?
c. What is the magnitude of the velocity after falling
10 m?
c. VF @ h = -10
a. VF in 5 sec
VO = -15 m/s
m2
2

vF = vO + gt

VF = -15 + (VF =
- 64
9.8)(5)
m/s
VF = 64 m/s
(downward)

vF = vO + 2gh

vF2 = (-15)2 + 2(-9.8)(10)

vF2 = 225 +196 = 421
vF = 20..51 m/s

b. h in 2 sec
VF = ?

h =(-15)(2) + (-9.8)(2)2
=h -49.6
mm
= 49.6
(down)

PROJECTILE MOTION
- Motion along a curved path or trajectory
- Elements of BOTH straight line motion & freelyfalling bodies apply here.
A Projectile is any body that is given initial velocity and
then follows a path determined by the effects of
gravitational acceleration & air resistance.
Consider a projectile (ball) thrown at an angle instead of
horizontally

Projectile Motion Curvillinear Translation

+y

V1

V1y

Vy =
0
V=
Vx

V1x

ymax or
H

Vo

Voy

V2x
V2
V2y
VFx

(0,0)
Origin

Vox

R
VFy

y
* VF = Velocity @ impact 0

VFx = x-comp of VF

VFy = y-comp of VF

VO = Initial/Project Velocity

VOx = x-comp of VO

VOy = y-comp of VO

V = Velocity @ Highest point

Vx = x-comp of V

Vy = y-comp of V

Vn = Velocity @ a certain point

Ex V1, V2

Vnx = x-comp of V1x,

V2x..etc

+x

VF

Vny = y-comp of V1y, V2y..etc

Projectile Motion Consider X components :

Analyze using Motion along a Straight Line

Vox = VO cos {x-component of VO}

For a projectile , the HORIZONTAL
component of the velocity is
CONSTANT V = = Vox

+y

Vx

V2x = Vox
V1x = Vox
VFx = Vox

(0,0)
Origin
y

Vox

+x

Using Kinematics EquationSince VX s are the same :

(2) to determine s at any
Hence aX = 0
time (t)
s = VOXt + aXt2

s = VOXt

Projectile Motion Consider Y components :

Analyze using Freely Falling Bodies

Voy = VO sin {y-component of VO}

For a projectile , the VERTICAL
component of the velocity is NOT
Vy =
CONSTANT

+y

V1y

t
h

Voy

V2y

(0,0)
Origin
y

Using Kinematics Equation (2) to

determine h at any time (t)
h = VOYt + aYt

VFy

aY = g = 9.8m/s2 = 980cm/s2 =
32 ft/s2
2

+x

PROJECTILE MOTION EQUATIONS

X - Component

VOX =
VOcos
VOX = VX = V1x = V2x =
VnX
S = VOX t

Y - Component

VOY = VOsin
VnY = VOY + gt
VY = 0
h = VOY t +
gt2
VnY2 = VOY2 + 2gh

g= 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 =

32 ft/s2

PROJECTILE MOTION EQUATIONS

MAXIMUM HEIGHT [ H ]
h = VOYt + gt2
h=H
H = VOYt + gt2 V = V sin
OY
O

@ H , VY = 0
t=?
VY = VOY + gt
0 = + VO sin + g
but we are using g as 9.8 m/s
t
0 = + VO sin gt
t = (VO sin) /
H = VOYt + gt2
g
but we are using g as 9.8 m/s

H = VOYt gt2
(VOsin )(VOsin )
H=
g
g2 )2
(VOsin
H=
g
H=

g [(VO sin)]2

2
(VO sin)2

2g

(VOsin )2
2g

RANGE [ R ]
s = VOXt

s=R

R = VOXT

VOX= VO
cos
T = ? t = (VO sin) /
g
T = 2t = (2VO
sin) / g
R = {(VO cos )} {2(VO
R
= VO/ 2g}
[2(cos )(sin)] / g
sin)
Recall : sine of sum of two
angles
sin (+) = cos sin + sin
cos
Let
=
cos sin + sin
sin (2) =
cos
sin (2) = 2cos sin

R = [ VO 2 (sin
2) ] / g

PROJECTILE MOTION EQUATIONS

MAXIMUM HEIGHT
[H]
TIME TO REACH THE
MAXIMUM HEIGHT [ tH
]
RANGE [ R ]
TIME TO REACH THE
END OF RANGE [ tR ]

Note :

H = VOY2/(2g) =
(VOsin)2/(2g)
tH = VOY/g = (VO
sin)/g
R = [VO2 (sin
2)] / g
tR = R/VOX = R/(VO
Or
cos)
tR = 2tH = (2VO
sin) / g

g=+ 9.8 m/s2 = + 980 cm/s2

COMMON LEVEL VELOCITY

+y

V3y

V1y

V1
V1x

Vy =
0
V=
Vx

V3
V3x

V2y

V2
V4y

Voy
(0,0)
Origin

V2x

Vox

|V1|= |
V2|
V4x

|V3| = |
V4|

V4

Vo

VFx
* VF = Velocity @ impact
0

VFy

+x

VF

Due to its trajectory, the projectile passes again the

same vertical level going down, Velocity at that level are
equal in magnitude, with their vertical components,
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and their
horizontal components perfectly equal.
|V1| = |
V2|
|V3| = |
V4|

V1y =
V2y
V3y =
V

V1x= V2x
V3x= V4x

Projectile Motion Projectile fired

horizontally

+y
(0,0)
Origin

VOy = Vy =0
Here VO =
VO
Vx V1x

All previous
equations are
useful.

V1

ymax or
H

V1y
VFx

x
y

+x

VFy

EXCEPT : Range &

Max. Height

VF

* VF = Velocity @ impact 0

VFx = x-comp of VF

VFy = y-comp of VF

VO = Initial/Project Velocity

VOx = x-comp of VO

VOy = y-comp of VO

V = Velocity @ Highest point

Vx = x-comp of V

Vy = y-comp of V

Vn = Velocity @ a certain point

Ex V1, V2

Vnx = x-comp of V1x,

V2x..etc

Vny = y-comp of V1y, V2y..etc

Projectile Motion Projectile beyond the

+y
range
Vy =0
V

V2x
V2

H
V2y

F
R

VFx
+x

VFx

VFy

VF

At point F : Set VF as your initial velocity. Then

apply the principles of horizontally fired
projectile, but note that VFy is NOT zero

1. A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 350 m/s and at

an angle of 50 with the horizontal. Neglecting air
resistance. Determine:
(a) The range, (b) The travel time of the bullet before
hitting the ground
Given
Required
Vo = 350 m/s, =
50 ,
Solution

(a) Range, (b) travel

time - T
(b) T
Using Highest Point

(a)Range

Where Vy = 0

R = Vo2 (sin 2) / g

Vy = Voy + gt

R = (350 m/s)2 (sin 100) / (9.8

m/s2)

Voy = Vo sin = (+350 m/s) (sin 50)

R = 12,310.1 m

Vy = Voy + gt

R = 12.3 km

Voy = +268.116 m/s

0 = +268.116 m/s + (-9.8 m/s2) t

t = (268.116 m/s) / (9.8 m/s2) = 27.359 s
T = 2t,

T = 54.717 s

2. A bullet is fired at an angle of 75 with the horizontal

with an initial velocity of 420 m/s. How high can it travel
after 2 seconds? How far horizontally did it travel after
that same 2 seconds?
Given

Required

Vo = 420 m/s, =
75 ,
Solution

h & s after t = 2 sec

h = Voy t + g t

s = Vox t

Vox = Vo cos = (+420 m/s)

Voy = Vo sin = (+420 m/s) (sin 75)(cos 75)
Vox = +108.704 m/s
Voy = +405.689 m/s
s = (108.704 m/s)(2s)
s = 217.407 m
h = (405.689 m/s)(2s) + (-9.8m/s2)
(2s)2
h = (405.689 m/s)(2s) + (9.8m/s2)(2s)2
h = + 791.778 m

3. A plane is flying horizontally at 350 km/hr at an

altitude of 420 m. At this instant, a bomb is released. How
far horizontally from this point will the bomb hit the
ground?
Given
Required
Vo = 350 km/hr

S distance traveled by the

bomb horizontally from the
point of release to the ground

H = 420 m

H
420
m

3. A plane is flying horizontally at 350 km/hr at an

altitude of 420 m. At this instant, a bomb is released. How
far horizontally from this point will the bomb hit the
ground?
Given
Solution
Vo = 350 km/hr
S = Voxt
H = 420 m
(for horzontally fired
projectile)
Vox = Vo = 350 km/hr
Voy = Vy = 0
H = Voy t + gt2
- 420 m = (0)t + (9.8m/s2)t2
- 420 = - 4.9 t2

H
420
m

t2 = (420/4.9) = 85.71
t = 9.26 sec
t = 9.26 sec *(1 hr/3600 sec)
t = 0.00257hr
S = (350 km/hr)(0.00257 hr)

4. A man in a hot-air baloon drops an apple at a height of

150 m. If the balloon is rising at 15 m/s, find the highest
point reached by the apple?
Required
Max height reached by
the apple (H)

Given
Vo = 15
m/s,

Solution
H = h1 + h

= 90 ,

Vny2 = Voy2 + 2g(h)

h
H
h1 = 150
m

Voy = Vo sin = (+15 m/s) (sin 90)

Voy = +15 m/s
0 = (15m/s)2 + 2(-9.8 m/s2)(h)
h = 11.468 m
H = 11.468 m + 150 m
H= 161.468 m

5. A ball is thrown from a tower 30 m high above the

ground with a velocity of 300 m/s directed at 20 from the
horizontal. How long will the ball hit the ground?

Given
Vo = 300 m/s, =
20,
H = 30 m

Required
T time for the ball to hit the
ground
Solution (Short Version)
h = VOYt + g t2
VOY = Vo sin = (+300 m/s) (sin 20)
VOY = +102.606 m/s
-30 m = (102.606)(T) + (9.8m/s2)(T)2
4.9T2 102.606T 30 = 0
Using QF
T =21.228s

Simultaneous Events
Two events (involving different objects) that
happened at the same time and/or place
Kinematics analysis here would require to
determine (find) common quantity (-ies) such
as displacement and/or time

Example 1
A ball was dropped from a 10 m tall building , at that same
instant a stone was propelled vertically upward starting from
the ground with an initial velocity of 25m/s.
(a) At what time (from the start) will both objects be at the
same vertical height with respect to the ground?
(b) At that said time, how far does :
(b.1) the ball fall?
(b.2) the stone rise?
VOB = 0
hB = ?
H = 10 m

tB = ?

H = 10 m
hS = ?
VOS = + 2.5 m/s

tS = ?

Example 1
A ball was dropped from a 10 m tall building , at that same instant a stone was propelled
vertically upward starting from the ground with an initial velocity of 25m/s.
(a) At what time (from the start) will both objects be at the same vertical height with respect
to the ground?
(b) At that said time, how far
does
:
(a)
When

objects meet (even without collision)

they will meet at that location, point or level
at the same time

(b.1) the ball fall?

(b.2) the stone rise?

t = tS = t

B
Ball (Freely-falling
body)

hB = ?

tB = ?

H = 10 m
hS = ?

hB = VOB tB +
gtB2
hB = (0.5)( 9.8)t2

Stone
hS = VOS tS + gtS2
hS = (25)t + (0.5)(
9.8)t2
hS = 25t 4.9t2

2
h
= of
4.9t
InBterms
height
: we see that : (considering
tS = ?absolute values)

|H| = |hB| + hS
10 = +(4.9t2) + (25t 4.9t2)
10 = 25t , t = 10/25

t = 0.4 sec

Example 1
A ball was dropped from a 10 m tall building , at that same instant a stone was propelled
vertically upward starting from the ground with an initial velocity of 25m/s.
(a) At what time (from the start) will both objects be at the same vertical height with respect
to the ground?
(b) At that said time, how far does :
(b.1) the ball fall?
(b.2) the stone rise?

hB = ?

Ball (Freely-falling
body)

tB = ?

tB = t = 0.4 sec
H = 10 m
hS = ?

tS = ?

Stone
tS = t = 0.4 sec

hB = 4.9(0.4)2

hS = 25(0.4)
4.9(0.4)2

hB = 0.784 m

hS = + 9.216 m

Example 2
You are on the roof of the Physics building 46 m above the
ground. Your prof who is 1.8m tall, is walking along side the
building at constant speed of 1.2 m/s. If you wish to drop an
egg on your prof, where should the prof be (S) when you
release the egg? Assume that the
is in drop
free-fall.
The egg
effective
height is only
h = H hP = 46 m 1.8 m = 44.2
m

VOE = 0

P6
h

BLDG

H = 46 m
VP = 1.2 m/s

and again the time for the egg and

the prof (head) to meet is the
same :

Egg (Freely-falling body)

hP = 1.8 m

h = VOE tE + gtE2
S=?

44.2 = (0)t + (0.5)(

9.8)t2
44.2 = 4.9t2
t = 3.0 seconds

tE =Prof
tP = t

S = VP t S
S = (1.2)t = (1.2)(3)
S = 3.6 m

Example 3
A student is running at her top speed of 5m/s to catch a bus,
which is stopped at the bus stop. When the student is still
40m from the bus, it starts to pull away, moving with a
constant acceleration of 0.17 m/s2.
(a)For how much time and what distance does the student
have to run at 5m/s before she overtakes the bus?
(b)When she reaches the bus, how fast is the bus moving?