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Super Heating
L+V
ENTROPY
Effect of CW flow on
condenser back pressure
Unit load
Heat load
Design CW flow
Temp. rise
CW inlet temp
CW Flow, M3/hr
= 210 MW
= 2.5 x 108 kcal/hr
= 22500 m3/hr
= 10.8oC
= 32oC
= 210 MW
= 2.5 x 108 kcal/hr
= 22500 m3/hr
= 7.413oC
= 10.8oC
= 32oC
CW SYSTEM
PURPOSE:REJECT THE HEAT FROM
CONDENSOR TO ATM IN EFFICIENT
MANNER & ALSO CONFIRM THERMAL
DICHARGE REGULATION
QR=(1/n-1)W
QR->Rejected heat.
W->Work done
N->cycle efficiency
EFFECT OF n ON QR
WORK
DONE
QR
QR/W
0.20
4W
0.25
3W
0.33
2W
0.40
1.5W
1.5
0.50
1W
1.0
Water is abundant
Reduction in the APC..
Steam from Turbine
Cold Water
Condenser
Pump
Hot water
River Flow
Coolin
g
Tower
Air
Cooled
Water
Air
Make-up
Water
Cooling Water
Requirement
Bulk requirement of water is used in
thermal plants for the purpose of cooling
the steam in condensers. The requirement
of water for this purpose is of the order of
1.5-to2.0 cusecs/MW of installation.
Where sufficient water is available once
through system is used.
Where water supply is not consistent,
closed loop cooling system with cooling
tower is used.
Open Cycle
Stage-II
3X500 MW
CT- II
Pragati
Nagar
Regulator
Stage-I
3 X 200 MW
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Hot pond
CT- I
Charpara Cross
Regulator open
Hasdeo Barrage
RBC Darri Gate
partially open.
CT- II
Pragati Nagar
Regulator
Stage-II
Stage-I
3X500 MW
3 X 200 MW
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Hot pond
CT- I
Emergency Exit
Charpara Cross
Regulator Partially open
Stage-II
Stage-I
3X500 MW
3 X 200 MW
Hasdeo Barrage
RBC Darri Gate
open for makeup
CT- II
Pragati
Nagar
Regulator
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Hot pond
CT- I
Charpara Cross
Regulator totally closed
CW scheme
Reservoir/ River
Canal
Intake
Trash rack
Cooling tower
TWS
CT pumps
Hot Pond
CW pumps
Condenser
RBC
All water requirement of NTPC korba is met by RBC.
Water to RBC comes from Darri barrage.
Two cross regulator one at Barrage side other at
NTPC side.
Irrigation dept supply water for irrigation thru this RBC.
During this time plant operate on open cycle or semi
open cycle.
If there is no requirement of water for irrigation, only
make-up water is released by darri Barrage. During
this, CWCT system operates on closed cycle.
RBC supply water to Raw water p/h, st-1 CW p/h, st-2
CW p/h.
RBC
IRRIGATION X REG
INTAKE (ST-1&2)
Intake
It is RCC open trench from where Raw
water/CW is taken through canal/reservoir.
Metallic grid frame work gate (INTAKE
GATE)is provided to avoid entering wood,
tree branches, animal, plastic, floating
object. It can be lifted and cleaned when
water level difference observed.
It is approximately 12 meter in depth
In KSTPS RBC level is 285.3 M
INTAKE CHANNEL
GRID WALL
GRID WALL
Trash Rack
It is near the suction point of CW Pump & made of
steel.
Trash rack avoid entering wood, tree branches,
animal, plastic, floating object & provides uniform flow/
suction to the CW pump
TRASH RACK
CW PUMP
SUCTION
TRASH RACK
TWS
TRASH RACK
WATER HDR
TWS DRIVE
REVOLVING
BASKET
SHEAR PIN
TWS DRIVE
TWS SECTOR
C W PUMP
DP
SWITCH
TWS
CW
HDR
JETTING WATER
INLET TO TWS
CW Pump Stage#1
Pump Motor
Motor Foundation
Stool
Column Pipe
Discharge Elbow
Discharge Taper Pipe
Air Vent
MDV
Taper Pipe
CW PUMP CHARECTRISTIC
power
efficiency
To st-2
x
N
C
Swp disch
hdr
O/H
Tank1
O/H
tank-2
Emergency hdr
x
Upper guide brg
motor th-1&2
motor
clf hdr6ksc
Lower guide
brg
Flow
switch
p/p thrust
Pump disch
To st-2
COOLING TOWER
The primary task of cooling tower is to reject the heat of CW into the
atmosphere
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
NDCT
Three types
Forced draft
Induced draft cross flow
Induced draft counter flow
(GEO4VA)
60
UNP 2006
65
RISER PIPE
COLD AIR IN
CT INTAKE
CHANNEL
SPLASH FILLS
IN SPLASH FILL, THE HOT WATER
STRIKES OVER THE BARS AND
BREAKS UP INTO MANY SMALLER
DROPS.
FILM FILLS
FILM FILL PROVIDES MORE SURFACE
FOR WATER/AIR CONTACT.
SPLASH BAR
SPLASH BARS
NOZZLE HOLE
SPRAY HEADER
NOZZLE
FAN
DRIFT ELIMINATOR
SPRAY OF WATER
CT SUPPORT STRUCTURE
CT BASIN
LOWER HALF OF CT
SPLASH
BAR
SUPPORT
STR.
CT NOZZLE ARRANGEMENT
NOZZLE
GEAR BOX
DRIFT
ELIMINATOR
COUPLING SPOOL
REDUCTION GEAR
ASSEMBLY
FIXED BLADES
CT Pump Stage#1
Stage-I
Stage-II
27.50 oC
27.50 oC
Approach
5.50oC
6 oC
18.5 M
20 M.
33,000 Kgs/hr.
Stage-I
225
Stage-II
250
12 x 6
L/G Ratio
1.55 Kg water/
Kg.Air
1.886 Kg
water/ Kg. Air
Drift eliminator
PVC
PVC
Casting
Reinforced
Concrete
Reinforced
Concrete
Stage-I
Stage-II
Type
Axial Flow
Axial Flow
16
12
Diameter
7315 mm
8530 mm
No. of blade
Blade angle
13o
13o
Fan speed
151 Rpm
118 Rpm
Absorbed power
35 KW
56 KW
Description
Stage-I
Blade material
Stage-II
Al.alloy/FRP ,
= 80.5%
Total static pressure 0.4094 inches
FRP =
80.5%
0.434 inches
Fan dia.
24ft.
28 ft.
9,97,200 CMH
13,50,000
CMH
Stage-I
Stage-II
Make / Model
M/s Greaves
CT-V 1400
Type / Number
Reduction Ratio
9.75:1
12.5 :1
No. of reduction
stage
1( One)
1 ( One)
Service factor
2.1
1.5
Weight
765 Kg.
1465 Kg.
91
1. Range
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Range
Difference between
cooling water inlet and
outlet temperature:
2. Approach
Approach (C) =
CW outlet temp Wet
bulb temp
Low approach = good
performance
Range
Approach
Difference between
cooling tower outlet cold
water temperature and
ambient wet bulb
temperature:
94
3. Effectiveness
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Approach
= Range / (Range +
Approach)
Range
Effectiveness in %
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Tower
95
4. Cooling Capacity
Approach
Range
5. Evaporation Loss
Hot Water Temperature
(In)
Approach
Range
97
7. BLOW DOWN
Depend on cycles of concentration and
the evaporation losses
Blow Down =
Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C. 1)
98
99
4.
5.
Optimizing C T Performance.
Cleaning of cold water basin during overhauls.
Quarterly cleaning of nozzles.
Visual inspection of pipes, nozzles, fills, etc., for proper
water distribution.
Checking of fan pitch angle, fan blade tip clearance,
fan seal disc cover (at hub).
Annual servicing of gear box.
Regular removal of moisture from G/B oil and oil top up.
Annual cleaning of fills with water jets. And cleaning it
manually by removing from tower when chocking is
more.
All around CT proper lawn or brick paving to be done
(abut 30 meter from tower)
Fan blade angle to be adjusted to avoid any
recirculation of vapour during mansoon/windy days.
Thickness measurement of hot water duct, inspection,
cleaning/painting if required annualy.
Optimizing CT Performance.
Algae growth
Algae growth
Clogged Fills
Deposited dust
particles
Sagged Drift
Eliminators
Clogged Fills
Excessive weight
initiating bending
of SS Supports
Sand Filters
5% of C.W
Water flow
Hot Water
Cold Water
Cooling Tower
C.W Pumps
Chemical Treatment
Condenser
Stage-I CT
Drift
Eliminators
that are not
properly laid
only serve to
block the air
passage
Approach
Closer to the wet bulb temperature
Film Fill
Low Clog
Film Fill
1.1 1.5
1.5 2.0
1.4 1.8
Effective Heat
Exchange Area
30 45
m2/m3
150 m2/m3
85 - 100
m2/m3
5 10 m
1.2 1.5 m
1.5 1.8 m
Pumping Head
Requirement
9 12 m
58m
69m
Quantity of Air
Required
High
Much Low
Low
123
Specifications
Stage I
3 x 200 MW
3 cooling towers
16 fans per tower
Induced draft multi
fill counter flow
30,000 mtr cube
per hour per tower
Nozzles per cell-225
Stage II
3 x 500 MW
6 cooling towers
12 fans per tower
Induced draft multi
fill counter flow
33,000 mtr cube
per hour per tower
Nozzles per cell-250
Specifications
Stage-1
Stage-2
Hot CW inlet temp.- 43C Hot CW inlet temp.- 43C
Cold CW outlet temp.33C
Range- 10 C
Range- 10C
Approach- 5.50C
Approach-6C
Specifications
Drift loss-30,000
kg/hr
Evaporation loss per
tower-4,35,000 kg/hr
L/G Ratio-1.55 kg
water/kg air
Absorbed power-35
kw
Drift loss-33,000
kg/hr
Evaporation loss per
tower-4,79,156 kg/hr
L/G Ratio-1.886 kg
water/kg air
Absorbed power-56
kw