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ADC and DAC Conversion

Errors
S.Sai Kishore Kumar
154567

Contents
ADC
Types

of errors in ADC

DAC
Types

of errors in DAC

ADC

What is an ADC?

Ananalog-to-digital converteris a device that converts a continuous


physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents
the quantity's amplitude.

The conversion involvesquantizationof the input, so it necessarily


introduces a small amount of error.

Instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the


conversion periodically,samplingthe input.

The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted


from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitudeanalog signalto
adiscrete-timeand discrete-amplitudedigital signal.

What is Quantization?
Quantizationis the process of converting a continuous range of values
into a
finite range of discreet values.

Errors in ADC
Offset

error
Gain error
Non-linearity error
Differential
Integral

Offset Error
This

is defined as the deviation between the first actual


transition and the first ideal transition.

The

first transition is when the digital output of ADC


changes from 0 to 1.

Total

system offset error includes offset error from


preamplifiers or signal transducers.

Offset

error can be removed by measuring a


reference point and subtracting that value from
future samples.

Gain Error
Defines

as the difference of the slope of the actual output


values and the ideal output values.

If

the transfer function of the actual ADC occurs above the


ideal straight line, then it produces positive gain error and
vice versa

Gain

error is usually expressed in LSB or as a percent of


full-scale range.

Gain

error is the full-scale error minus the offset error.

Full Scale Error


Full

scale error is the


deviation
of
the
last
transitions of the actual ADC
from the last transition of
the perfect ADC, measured
in LSB or volts.

Full

scale error is due to


both gain and offset errors.

Non-Linearity

When offset and gain errors are compensated for, the actual transfer
function will not be equal to the transfer function of perfect ADC.

There may be the non-linearity in the ADC which may cause the
actual curve to deviate slightly from the perfect curve.

There are two major types of non-linearity that degrade the


performance of ADC.
i) Differential Non-Linearity (DNL)
ii) Integral Non-Linearity (INL).

Differential NonLinearity

Differential non-linearity (DNL) is defined as the maximum and


minimum difference in the step width between actual transfer function
and the perfect transfer function. DNL is defined as

Non-linearity produces quantization steps with varying widths, some


narrower and some wider.

DNL is the most critical of the measures of an ADCs performance for


many control applications.

It represents the ADCs ability to relate a small change in input


voltage to the correct change in code conversion. DNL is defined as
Code DNL = CCW ICW
DNL = Max (Code DNL)

Related to DNL are two critical


figures of merit used in defining
ADC operation.
These are:
i) Missing Codes
ii) Monotonicity

Missing codes

An ADC has missing codes if an


infinitesimally small change in voltage
causes a change in result of two codes,
with the intermediate code never being
set. A DNL of 1.0 LSB indicates the

ADC has missing codes (DNL measured by


this definition cannot be less than 1.0
LSB).

Monotonicity

An ADC is monotonic if it continually


increases conversion result with an
increasing voltage (and vice versa).

A non-monotonic ADC may give a


lower conversion result for a higher
input voltage, which may also mean
that the same conversion may result
from two separate voltage ranges.

DNL of greater than 1.0 LSB may


indicate non-monotonicity.

Integral Non-Linearity

Integral non-linearity (INL) is


defined as the maximum vertical
difference between the actual
and the ideal curve.

It indicates the amount of


deviation of the actual curve
from the ideal transfer curve.

DAC

What is an DAC?

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is


a device that converts a digital (usually binary) code
to an analog signal (current, voltage, or electric
charge).

Errors in DAC
Gain

Error

Offset
Full

Error

Scale Error

Non-

Linearity

Non-Monotonic

Output Error

Gain Error

Slope deviation from ideal gain to the


actual gain.

Low Gain Error: Step Amplitude is less


than ideal

High Gain Error: Step Amplitude is higher


than ideal

Offset Error

A constant voltage difference between the ideal DAC


output and the actual.

Full Scale Error


Combination

of gain error and offset error

Non-Linearity
The

largest difference
between the actual and
theoretical output as a
percentage of full-scale
output voltage

Non-monotonic Output Error


A

form of non-linearity due


to errors in individual bits of
the input

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