SEDIMENTOLOGI dan STRATIGRAFI

(1)

PRINSIP DASAR

Hadi Nugroho
PS TEKNIK GEOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMARANG
2009

Sedimentology
the study of sedimentary rocks and
the processes by which its formed,
origin, classification and
interpretation
origin
burial
deposition
dispersal, distribution
of natural sediment grains

Sedimentology
Descriptive Approach:
- Traditional Petrology &
Petrography
- Facies Analysis

Quantitative Approach:

- Physical and Chemical Sciences

Stratigraphy
Is the science of rock strata.
It is concerned with all aspect
of the study of sedimentary rocks,
interpreted to apply to all stratified rocks,
including layered metamorphic
and igneous rocks.

STRATIGRAPHY :
the science of rock strata
It is concerned with
all characters and
attributes of rocks
as strata; and their
interpretation in terms
of mode of origin and
geologic history

What is strata ?

Strata (plural of stratum) :

A layer of sedimentary rocks, visually separable from
other layers above and below; a bed.

Strata due to different color or minerals composition

Strata due to sedimentary structure (cross bedded)

STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD
Singkapan

Kolom Stratigrafi

Dynamic of Sedimentation
and
Sequence Stratigraphy
How sedimentary rock is accumulated
Factors controlling process
Stratigraphic Record
and its pattern

Sedimentologi & Stratigraf

ROCKS CYCLE
MAGMA
ltin
e
m

METAMOPHIC
ROCKS

cr
ys
ta
lli
za
tio
n

metamorphism

IGNEOUS ROCKS

denudation processes
metamorphism

weathering
erosion
transportation
deposition

SEDIMENTS

SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS

Diagenesis processes :
compaction
desiccation
cementation
re-crystalization
lithification

ROCK CYCLE AS IT RELATES TO THE PLATE TECTONICS MODEL

THE ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Fine Detritus

Coarse Detritus

MECHANICAL SEDIMENTATION

Siltstone
Claystone
Marl

Limestone

I
AT
NT
ME

Crystalline
Limestone

EN
TA
TI

Carbonate
Rocks
Reefal
Dolomite

CS
ED
IM

I
ED
LS

ON

Gypsum
Anhidrite
Salt

Oolitic Limestone

OR
GA
NI

A
IC
EM
CH

Evaporite

ON

Wackstone, Packstone, Grainstone , etc.

Breccias
Conglomerate
Sandstone

Coal
Peat
Bituminous
Anthracite

Chert
Fertirite
Diatoms Earth
Silica sediment

Grouping of Sedimentary Rocks and Its Processes

( PETROGENESIS )

DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENTATION

Accommodation
Space

SEISMIC CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN

Proses Deposisi
dari
Formasi
Pematang
Riau

CONCEPTS
in
STRATIGRAPHY

CONCEPTS IN STRATIGRAPHY
STENOS PRINCIPLES (1669)
Superposition of Strata
Original Lateral Continuity of Strata
Original Horizontality of Strata
Collorary: Vertical Accumulation of Strata
CROSS-CUTTING PRINCIPLE
veins, dykes etc were known to cut across the
country rock: the rocks cutting across a country
rock are younger than the country.

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
(STENO, 1669)
Law of Superposition:
The youngest strata are at top in an
undisturbed sequence (Anthony, 1955, p.
83).

HORIZONTAL LATERAL CONTINUITY

(STENO, 1669)
Law of Original Continuity:
The original continuity of water-laid
sedimentary strata is terminated only by
pinching out against the basin of deposition,
at the time of their deposition
(Anthony, loc.op.cit, p.83).

ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
(STENO, 1669)
Statement of Principle: Dipping beds were once
horizontal (Woodford, 1935, p.3)
Modified Statement:
Law of horizontality:
Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly
horizontally and essentially parallel to the surface
upon which they accumulate (Anthony, loc op
cit., p.83).

UNIFORMITARIANISM (HUTTON, 1785)

Statement of principle: A mid all the revolutions of the
globe, the economy of nature has been uniform ... and
her laws are the only things that have resisted the
general movement. The rivers and the rocks, the seas
and the continents have been changed in all their parts;
but the laws which direct these changes, and the rules to
which they are subject, have remained invariably the
same. (Playfair, Illustrations of Huttonian Theory of the
Earth, 1802, p.421, quoted by Woodford, op.cit., p.6).
Modified Statement: The present is the key to the past.

PRINCIPAL OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIP

Examples

Fault cross throughout a succession of rocks is younger

than the youngest rocks crossed by the fault
A folding process on a succession of sedimentary rocks
occurred after the deposition of the youngest folded strata

Intrusion of igneous rocks into a succession of rocks

occurred after the intruded youngest rocks

CROSS CUTTING RELATIONSHIP

PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIP

LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION

(ABBE GIRAUD-SOULAVIE, 1777)
Statement of principle:
Fossil differs according to their geologic
ages (stratigraphic position); fossils in
lower formations are unlike those in higher
beds. Fossil floras and faunas succeed one
another in a definite and determinable
order (Anthony, 1955, p.89)

STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS

(SMITH, 1816)
Modified Statement:
Strata can be distinguished by their
characteristic fossils (Woodford, 1935,
op.cit, p.5-6; Schenk, 1940, p. 1754-1755)

LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION

STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS

PRINCIPLE OF
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION

PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM
The same external and internal processes
we recognize in action today have been operating
throughout the Earths history

E PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE P

APPLICATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONCEPTS

THREE BASIC TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES

CONCEPTS
APPLICATION :
Whats
Happened