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CHNG 1

H QUANG IN

KHI NIM CHUNG


Bn cht ca h quang in l
hin tng phng in trong cht kh
vi mt dng in rt ln ( ti
khong 102 n 103 A/mm2) c nhit
rt cao (ti khong 5000 n
60000C ) v thng km theo hin tng
pht sng.

KHI NIM CHUNG


H quang in c ch : H quang
in thc s c ch khi c s dng
trong cc lnh vc nh hn in, luyn
thp,...nhng lc ny h quang cn
c duy tr chy n nh.

KHI NIM CHUNG


H quang in c hi : Khi ng
ct cc thit b in nh contct, cu
dao, my ct,...h quang s xut hin
gia cc cp tip im.
H quang chy ny lu sau khi thit
b in ng ct s lm h hi cc
tip im v bn thn thit b in.
Trong trng hp ny m bo
lm vic tin cy ca thit b in
yu cu phi tin hnh dp tt h

Vng K

Vng
thn

Vng A

K
E
V

EK

UA

EK

UTh
Eth

EA

UK
Ihqm

Hnh : c tnh h quang

C TNH H QUANG IN MT CHIU


Uhq
l

200
150

50mm

100

20

50

0 I
0
2
10 12

QU TRNH PHT SINH H QUANG


H quang in pht sinh l do mi
trng gia cc in cc (hoc gia
cc cp tip im) b ion ha (xut
hin cc ht dn in).
Ion ha c th xy ra bng cc con
ng khc nhau dui tc dng ca nh
sng, nhit , in trng mnh,....
Trong thc t qu trnh pht sinh
h quang in c nhng dng ion ha
sau:

QU TRNH PHT SINH H QUANG


Trong thc t qu trnh pht sinh h
quang in c nhng dng ion ha sau :

Qu trnh pht x in t
nhit ;

Qu trnh t pht x in t ;

Qu trnh ion ha do va chm;

Qu trnh ion ha do nhit .

S PHT X IN T NHIT
in cc v tip im c ch to
t kim loi, m trong cu trc kim loi
lun lun tn ti cc in t t do
chuyn ng v mi hng trong qu o
ca cu trc ht nhn nguyn t.
Khi tip im bt u m ra lc
nn vo tip im gim dn khin
in tr tip xc tng ln ch tip xc,
dng in b tht li dn n mt
dng in tng rt ln lm nng cc
in cc (nht l cc m c nhiu

S PHT X IN T NHIT
Khi b t nng, ng nng ca cc
in t tng nhanh n khi nng lng
nhn Wn c ln hn cng thot At lin
kt ht nhn th in t s thot ra khi
b mt cc m tr thnh in t do.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nhit
in cc, vt liu lm in cc .

S PHT X IN T
Khi tip im hay in cc va m
ra lc u khong cch cn rt b.
Nu c mt in trng ln t
ln in cc (nht l vng cc m c
khong cch nh c th ti hng triu
V/cm), vi cng in trng ln cc
m cc in t t do c cung cp thm
nng lng s b ko bt ra khi b mt
catt tr thnh cc in t t do.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng
in trng E v vt liu lm in

ION HA DO VA CHM
Sau khi tip im m ra, di tc
dng ca nhit cao hoc ca in tr
ng ln (m thng thng l c hai) th
cc in t t do s pht sinh chuyn
ng t cc dng sang cc m.
Do in trng rt ln nn cc in
t chuyn ng vi tc rt cao. Trn
ng i cc in t ny va chm vi cc
nguyn t v phn t kh s lm bt ra
cc in t v cc ion dng.

ION HA DO VA CHM
Cc phn t mang in ny li tip
tc tham gia chuyn ng v va chm
lm xut hin cc phn t mang
in khc.
Do vy m s lng cc phn t mang
in tng ln khng ngng, lm mt
in tch trong khong khng gian gia
cc tip im rt ln.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng
in trng, mt cc phn t trong
vng in cc, lc lin kt phn t, khi

ION HA DO NHIT
Do c cc qa trnh pht x in t
v ion ha do va chm, mt lng ln nng
lng c gii phng lm nhit vng
h quang tng cao v thng km theo
hin tng pht sng.
Nhit kh cng tng th tc
chuyn ng ca cc phn t kh cng
tng v s ln va chm do cng cng
tng ln.
Do va chm, mt s phn t kh s
phn li thnh cc nguyn t. Cn lng
cc ion ha tng ln do va chm khi nhit

QU TRNH DP TT H QUANG
H quang in s b dp tt khi mi
trng gia cc in cc khng cn dn
in hay ni cch khc h quang in
s tt khi c qu trnh phn ion ha xy
ra mnh hn qu trnh ion ha.
Ngoi qu trnh phn li ni trn,
song song vi qu trnh ion ha cn c
cc qu trnh phn ion gm hai hin t
ng sau:
1.
Hin tng ti hp
2.
Hin tng khuch tn

HIN TNG TI HP
Trong qu trnh chuyn ng cc ht
mang in tri du va chm nhau, to
thnh cc ht trung ha.
Trong l thuyt chng minh tc
ti hp :

T l nghch vi bnh phng


ng knh HQ

H quang tip xc vi mI trng


in mi th hin tng ti hp s
tng ln.

HIN TNG KHUCH TN


Hin tng cc ht tch in di
chuyn t vng c mt in tch
cao (vng h quang) ra vng xung quanh
c mt in tch thp, lm gim s
lng ion trong vng h qung gi l hin t
ng khuch tn.
Cc in t v ion dng khuch tn
dc theo thn h quang, in t
khuch tn nhanh hn ion dng.

HIN TNG KHUCH TN


Qu trnh khuch tn c trng
bng tc khuch tn. S khuch tn
cng nhanh h quang cng nhanh b
tt. tng qu trnh khuch tn ngi
ta thng tm cch ko di ngn la h
quang.

H QUANG IN
MT CHIU

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Vi U0 l in p
ngun , mch c
in tr R, mch
c in cm mch
L v rhq c trng
cho in tr h
quang vi in p
h quang l uhq
trn cc cp tip
im khi ta ng

U0

+
R
i
L

rth
Hnh : H quang in mch
mt chiu

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Theo nh lut Kichp II, ta c ph
ng trnh cn bng in p trong
mch khi m tip im v h quang
di
bt u chy
nh
sau
:
U i.R iR L
dt
di
U U U L
dt
0

hq

hq

Vi UR : l in p ri trn in tr.
Vi Uhq : l in p trn h quang.

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Khi h quang chy n nh th dng in
khng i.
di

i I const L

dt

Do phng trnh cn bng p s l :

U U U I.R I.r
0

hq

hq

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
U[V]
Ldi/dt< 0
1
U0

UR

Ldi/dt>0
2
Ldi/dt< 0
Uhq

IA

B
IB

I[A]

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN
co th dp tt c h
quang in mt chiu cn loai bo
c im h quang chay n nh
(im B).
Trn c tnh ta nhn thy se
khng co im chay n nh khi
ng c tnh 3 (in ap trn h
quang) cao hn ng c tnh 2
nh hnh (tc la h quang se tt
khi Uhq> U0- UR)

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN
nng cao ng c tnh 3
thng thc hin hai bin phap la
tng dai h quang(tng l) va giam
nhit vung h quang xung,
U [V]nh hnh.
c tnh
3

I [A]

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN

U [V]

U [V]
L2>L

T1

T2<
T1

L1
I[A]

I[A]

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
Khi ct mach in mt
chiu
thng xay ra qua in ap, khi mach
co in cam ln nu tc ct cang
nhanh th qua in ap cang ln.

diI= 0 th :
Nu tai thi im ct co
U0 L

dt

uhq

di
Hay ta co u
:
U
hq U 0 L
dt

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
U

la tr s qua in ap xoay

chiu.
Trong mach mt chiu lam vic
vi cng sut ln lai co nhiu
vong dy khi dp h quang in
qua in ap se xay ra rt ln co
th gy anh thung cach in va
h hong thit b.
han ch hin tng qua
in ap ngi ta thng dung thm

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
R

Zt (R,L)
D

Zt (R,L)

Zt
(R,L)

H QUANG IN
XOAY CHIU

KHI NIM CHUNG


h quang in xoay chiu,
dong in va in ap ngun bin
thin tun hoan theo tn s li
in.
V h quang la in tr phi
tuyn nn dong in va in ap
cua ho quang trung pha nhau.
Tai thi im dong in i qua
im 0, h quang khng c cp
nng lng nn qua trnh phan ion

KHI NIM CHUNG


Khi
h
quang
in
xoay
chiu
ang chay ta
a
dong
in
va
in ap cua
h
quang
vao
dao
ng k ta
se
c

U[V]
Uch
Ut
i(t )
t
1
2

KHI NIM CHUNG


Trong 1/4 chu ky u, in ap
HQ tng nhanh n tri s Uch (theo
in ap ngun). Khi HQ chay, in
ap giam dn.
Dong in tng t 0 n im
chay, dong tng manh va khi t = T/4,
dong in at tr s cc ai va
in ap HQ gn nh khng i.
1/4 chu ky tip theo, dong
in giam dn, n thi im

KHI NIM CHUNG


T dang
song
thu
c
trn
man hnh dao
ng k ta
xy
dng
c
c
tnh Vn -Am
pe (V-A) cua
h
quang
in
xoay

U
Uch
Ut
I

KHI NIM CHUNG


Ta nhn thy trong mach co
phu tai in tr thun d dp
h quang hn trong mach co tai
in cam.
Bi mach thun tr khi dong
in qua tr s khng (thi gian i=0
thc t keo dai khoang 0,1) th
in ap ngun cung bng khng
(trung pha).
Con mach thun cam khi
dong bng khng th in ap

DP TT HQ XOAY CHIU
H quang in xoay chiu khi dong
in qua tr s 0 th khng c cung
cp nng lng. Mi trng h quang
mt dn tnh dn in va tr thanh
cach in.
Nu cach in nay u ln va
in ap ngun khng u duy tr phong
in lai th h quang se tt hn.
anh gia mc cach in
cua in mi vung h quang la ln hay

DP TT HQ XOAY CHIU
Qua trnh dp tt h quang
in xoay chiu khng nhng tuy
thuc vao tng quan gia ln
cua in ap choc thung vi ln
cua in ap h quang
ma con phu
U[V]
thuc tng quan gia tc tng
1
cua chung.
2
150250V

I[A]

BIN PHP V TRANG B


DP H QUANG TRONG
THIT B IN

CC YU CU DP HQ
Trong thi gian ngn phai dp
tt c h quang, han ch
pham vi chay h quang la nho nht.

Tc ong m tip im phai


ln.

Nng lng h quang sinh ra phai


be, in tr h quang phai tng
nhanh.

Tranh hin tng qua in ap

CC NGUYN TC DP HQ
Keo dai ngon la h quang.
Dung nng lng h quang sinh
ra t dp.
Dung nng lng ngun ngoai
dp.
Chia h quang thanh nhiu phn
ngn dp.
Mc thm in tr song song
dp.

DP HQ TRONG THIT B H P
Keo dai h quang in bng c

kh
Dung cun dy thi t kt hp
bung dp h quang
Dung bung dp h quang co
khe h quanh co
Phn chia h quang ra lam nhiu
oan ngn
Tng tc chuyn ng cua
tip im ng

DP HQ TRONG THIT B H CAO P


Dp h quang trong du bin
ap kt hp phn chia h quang
Dp h quang bng kh nen
Dp h quang bng cach dung
vt liu t sinh kh
Dp h quang trong chn khng
Dp
h quang trong kh ap
sut cao

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