DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE-2105
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE-I
DESIGN OF BEAM
(AS PER ACI CODE)
Course TeacherByDr. Md. Rezaul Karim
Rahman
Associate Professor

Presented
Md. Jahidur
S.ID- 121041

Dhaka University of Engineering &

Technology, Gazipur-1700

Content
USD(Ultimate Strength Design)
Classification of beam with respect to

design system
Assumptions
Evolution of design parameters

Moment Factors Kn,

Balanced Reinforcement Ratio bb
Calculating Strength Reduction Factor
Calculating

Design
Design

procedure
procedure
Design procedure
Appendix
2

Jahidur Rahman

for
for
for

Singly Reinforced Beam

Doubly Reinforced Beam
T-Beam

Ultimate Strength Design(USD)

Assuming tensile failure condition
Additional strength of steel after yielding
ACI code emphasizes this method

Jahidur Rahman

Classification
Classification of
of beam
beam with
with respect
respect to
to design
design system
system

Rectangular beam (reinforced at tension zone only)

Doubly reinforced beam (reinforced at both tension

and compression zone)

T section beam (both beam and slab are
designed together)

ASSUMPTIONS
Plane sections before bending remain plane and

perpendicular to the N.A. after bending

Strain distribution is linear both in concrete & steel and
is directly proportional to the distance from N.A.
Strain in the steel & surrounding concrete is the same
prior to cracking of concrete or yielding of steel
Concrete in the tension zone is neglected in the flexural
analysis & design computation
b

c=0.003
c
h

0.85fc
a

a/2

d
d-a/2

s = fy / Es
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Concrete stress of 0.85fc is uniformly distributed over an

equivalent compressive zone.
fc = Specified compressive strength of concrete in psi.
Maximum allowable strain of 0.003 is adopted as safe
limiting value in concrete.
The tensile strain for the balanced section is fy/Es
Moment redistribution is limited to tensile strain of at least
0.0075
fs

Actual

fy

Idealized
Es
1

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EVALUATION
EVALUATION OF
OF DESIGN
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS

Total compressive force -

Total Tensile forceT = As fy

C=T
0.85fc ba = As fy
a = As fy / (0.85fc b)
= d fy / (0.85 fc) [ = As / bd]
Moment of Resistance/Nominal MomentMn = 0.85fc ba (d a/2) or,
Mn = As fy (d a/2)
= bd fy [ d (dfyb / 1.7fc) ]
= fc [ 1 0.59 ] bd22
= fy / fc
Mn = Kn bd22 Kn = fc [ 1 0.59 ]
Ultimate Moment- Mu = Mn
= Kn bd22
( = Strength Reduction Factor)

Jahidur Rahman

C = 0.85fc ba

(Refer stress diagram)

Balaced Reinforcement Ratio ( b)

From strain diagram, similar triangles
cb / d = 0.003 / (0.003 + fy / Es) ; Es = 29x106 psi
cb / d = 87,000 / (87,000+fy)

Relationship b / n the depth `a of the equivalent rectangular stress

block & depth `c of the N.A. is
a = 1c
1= 0.85

; fc 4000 psi

1= 0.85 - 0.05(fc 4000) / 1000 ; 4000 < fc 8000

1= 0.65

; fc> 8000 psi

b = Asb / bd
= 0.85fc ab / (fy. d)
= 11 ( 0.85 fc / fy) [ 87,000 / (87,000+fy)]
8

Jahidur Rahman

For beams the ACI code limits the max. amount of steel to
75% of that required for balanced section.
0.75

Min. reinforcement is greater of

Asmin = 3fc x bwd / fy
or
min =

3fc / fy

or

the following:
200 bwd / fy
200 / fy

For statically determinate member, when the flange is in

tension, the bw is replaced with 2bw or bf whichever is smaller

The above min steel requirement need not be applied, if at

every section, Ast provided is at least 1/3 greater than the
analysis

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Calculatin
g

Yes

N
o

N
o

Yes

Calculatin
g

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Beam

isreinforcednear the tensile

face
Reinforcement resists the tension.
Concrete resists the compression.

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Jahidur Rahman

DESIGN
DESIGN PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE FOR
FOR
SINGLY
SINGLY REINFORCED
REINFORCED BEAM
BEAM

1. Determine
the service
loads
2. Assume `h` as
per the support
conditions [As per
ACI code in table
9.5(a)]
6. Primary elastic analysis
and derive B.M (M),
Shear force (V) values
7. Compute min and b
13

3. Calculate d= h Effective
cover
4. Assume the value of `b` by
the rule of thumb
5. Estimate self
weight
8.Choose between min and
b

9. Calculate , Kn
10. From Kn & M
calculate `d
required
OK

11. Check the required `d

with assumed `d
12. With the final values of , b, d
determine the Total As required

Note Below:
Design the steel reinforcement arrangement with
appropriate cover and spacing stipulated in code. Bar size
and corresponding no. of bars based on the bar size #n.
Check crack width as per codal provisions.

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Jahidur Rahman

DESIGN
DESIGN PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE FOR
FOR
SINGLY
SINGLY REINFORCED
REINFORCED BEAM
BEAM BY
BY FLOWCHART
FLOWCHART

Actual steel ratio

Over
reinforced
beam

Yes

Ultimate
moment
15

Maximum steel ratio

N
o

Under
reinforce
d beam

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Beam

isfixed for Architectural purposes.

Reinforcement are provided both in tension and
compression zone.
Concrete has limitation to resist the total
compression so extra reinforcement is required.

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Jahidur Rahman

DESIGN
PROCEDURE
FOR
DOUBLY
REINFORCED
BEAM
Concrete
section,
Area of
steel are
known

Maximum steel ratio

Actual steel ratio

rectangul
ar beam

Compression
bar does not
reach in
yielding

N
o

Yes

N
o

Yes

Doubly
reinforce
d beam

Compression
and tension
bar reach in
yielding

DESIGN
PROCEDURE
FOR
DOUBLY
REINFORCED
BEAM

Load or
ultimate
moment
is given

Reinforceme
nt required
in comp.
zone too

Doubly
reinforce
d beam

Maximum steel ratio

Yes

N
o

rectangul
ar beam

T- REINFORCED BEAM
A

part of slab acts as the upper part of

beam.
Resulting cross section is T shaped.
The slab portion of the beam is flange.
The beam projecting bellow is web or
stem.

19

Jahidur Rahman

DESIGN
PROCEDURE
FOR
T-REINFORCED
BEAM

calculation

Yes
Are of
concrete
section,
Area of steel
are known

Rectangul
ar beam
analysis

N
o

Tbeam
analysi
s

Nominal
moment

modification

Additional
moment
Total moment

DESIGN
PROCEDURE
FOR
TREINFORCED
BEAM
Tbeam
analysi
s

Moment or loading
is given

calculation

T section:
L section:

N
o

Area of steel in
flange

Yes

Rectangul
ar beam
analysis

Isolated beam:

Nominal moment

Additional
moment

Total area of
steel

Area of steel in
web

Check for

APPENDIX

22

Jahidur Rahman

AS
ASPER
PERTABLE
TABLE9.5
9.5(a)
(a)
Simply
One End
Both End
Cantilever
Supported Continuous Continuous
L / 16

L / 18.5

L / 21

L/ 8

Values given shall be used directly for members

with normal weight concrete (Wc = 145 lb/ft3) and
Grade 60 reinforcement

23

For structural light weight concrete having unit wt.

In range 90-120 lb/ft3 the values shall be multiplied
by
(1.65 0.005Wc) but not less than 1.09

For fy other than 60,000 psi the values shall be

multiplied by (0.4 + fy/100,000)

`h` should be rounded to the nearest whole number

Jahidur Rahman

CLEAR
CLEARCOVER
COVER

Not
Notless
lessthan
than1.5
1.5in.
in.when
whenthere
thereis
isno
noexposure
exposureto
to
weather
weatheror
orcontact
contactwith
withthe
theground
ground
For
Forexposure
exposureto
toaggressive
aggressiveweather
weather22in.
in.
Clear
Cleardistance
distancebetween
betweenparallel
parallelbars
barsin
inaalayer
layermust
must
not
notbe
beless
lessthan
thanthe
thebar
bardiameter
diameteror
or11in.
in.

RULE
RULEOF
OFTHUMB
THUMB
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
`b` is taken as an even number
`b` is taken as an even number
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
to
toless
lessdeflection
deflection

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Jahidur Rahman

BAR
BARSIZE
SIZE
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
Ex.
Ex.#1
#1=
=1/8
1/8in.
in.
.
.
#8
#8=
=8/8
8/8i.e.,
i.e.,IIin.
in.

Weight, Area and Perimeter of individual bars

25

Bar
No

Wt.per
Foot (lb)

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
18

0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.600

Jahidur Rahman

Stamdard Nominal Dimensions

C/S Area, Perimeter
Diameter db
(in.)
Ab (in2)
inch
mm
0.375
9
0.11
1.178
0.500
13
0.20
1.571
0.625
16
0.31
1.963
0.750
19
0.44
2.356
0.875
22
0.60
2.749
1.000
25
0.79
3.142
1.128
28
1.00
3.544
1.270
31
1.27
3.990
1.410
33
1.56
4.430
1.693
43
2.25
5.319
2.257
56
4.00
7.091

26

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