An insight into various

Damage Stability Standards

Scope
Damage Stability an Introduction
Evolution of Damage stability rules
Comparison of damage lengths
Comparison of other damage criteria
Probabilistic analysis of damage Stability
Damages Post WW II Change of threat
Latest developments

Introduction
Terms associated with Damage stability
Susceptibility
Signature management
Countermeasure
Vulnerability
Impairment after damage
Ability to recover
Survivability
Positioning of bulkheads
Location of damage control deck
Openings in WT bulkheads
System Designs

History of Damage stability rules

1947- Study by BuShips
24 ships with torpedo hits during World War II analysed
Length Criteria developed ( 15 % LBP)

Adoption of Wind Criteria from Sarchin and

Goldberg, 1962
Pacific Typhoon 1944 , US lost 790 men and 3
destroyers .

Comparison of
Damage Stability Criteria
Deterministic Approach

Basic considerations for stability

after damage
Length of damage.
Residual Reserve of buoyancy (only
Considered till WT bulkhead deck)
Angle of list
Ability to resist wind and roll

After effects of Damage

Parallel sinkage.
List
Trim
30% loss of ROB

Reduced ability to resist wind and roll

Length of damage criteria

Hospital ships/
Troop carrier
12.5% for other
ships

Provision of Openings
UK/US
line

Bkhd to be WT upto deck above apex of V

Japan No Bkhd penetration below damage control deck

Canada No WT door/hatch below damage waterline

on main WT bulkheads.

Germany - Doors below Bulkhead deck may be given

along ships center line

V Line US Navy

V Line UK Navy

Merchant Navy
WT sliding doors allowed below
damage waterline
Electrically/ hydraulically operated
Remote operability

List/Loll after Damage

Countr UK
y

US

Angle
of List/
Loll

< 150 -

<
200

JAPA
N

ITA
LY

CANA
DA

FRANCE

GERMA
NY

<
150

< 150

< 200
<150 after cross
flooding

< 250

SOLA
S Passen
Cargo
Vessel

ger
Vessel

25 0 300

- 150

Roll back angle

Countr UK
y

US

JAPAN

Angle
of List/
Loll

100
for a
5000
t ship

Calculat es as
per Sea
State

150

ITAL
Y

CANA
DA

FRANC
E

GERMANY

< 150
for a
5000 t
ship

150

RUSSIA
Roll
amplitude =
kX1X 2Y
K
Appendage
factor
X1 B/T
X2 - CB
Y sqrt(GM)/B

Post Damage - Roll curve US Navy

Origin Roll back angle

Not clearly specified in any literature.
250 roll observed during WW II intact
ships
Ships roll depends on
Sea State
GM of the Ship
Geometry of the Hull

Japan & Russia

Considers Sea State
for calculation of
roll

Other Criteria

Damage stability philosophies

Canada
Heel after flooding kept min. expending least
Reserve buoyancy (Cross flooding)

Germany
Probability analysis for assessment of damage
effects , if Ship design not satisfying their criteria

Italy Survivability
primary
concern choosing
dimensions, hull form, subdivision and systems
Ability to continue mission. (Systems design)

Damage stability
philosophies
United Kingdom
Placement
of
transverse
bulkheads,
adequate reserves of buoyancy and stability
Preserve mobility and operational functions.

Australia Adopted from US navy

changed loading cond.

Probabilistic Damage Stability

SOLAS (MSC 281(85))

Calculation Method

Damage is assumed to have occurred

Probability of damage location and extent
p
Probability that the vessel can survive s
Probability of vessel surviving this damage p . s
Attained Subdivision Index (A)
Total probability of survival as sum of all
probabilities
A = (pi . si)
R is the required subdivision index
Formula based on length, No. of passengers
R

Requirement is that A > R A > R

Probabilities are based on actual statistics of
casualties

Inputs for Pi
3 loading cases considered.
Deep
Partial
Light

Max. adjacent zones to damage

Longitudinal
zone
location
Subdivision
Transverse subdivision

&

Inputs for Si
Equilibrium heel angle
Down flooding angle
GZmax before down flooding.
Range From equilibrium angle to
downflooding angle
Flooding
stage
equilibrium

Before

reaching

Damages Post World War II

changes in threat

Post world War II

Underwater mines , Korean war
4 minesweepers lost, larger ships survived damage
but left nonoperational

Above water combat damage

Exocet missiles , Aerial Bombs
Ships sunk by firefighting water

Collision - Routine operation

Summary - Major damages post WW II

Warship Damage Stability

Latest developments

Latest Trends in ship design

Increased payload to displacement

ratio

Enhanced Weapon and sensor

capability, Reduced RCS

Reduction in structural weight

Design for Enhanced Survivability

Capability to continue mission

Probabilistic approach

Susceptibility ( PH ) Inability to
intercept and being detected (Signature
management/ Countermeasures)

Vulnerability ( PV ) - Impairment during

a damage

Killability, PK = PH x PV

Probability of Survival = 1 - P K

Probabilistic approach
Point of hit
Depends on Weapon
Exocet hits at Waterline level
Harpoon hits at Superstructure level.
Heat seeking missiles on funnel and engine
area

Length of damage
Warhead used.

Survivability Index for naval Ships

One of the proposed model of survivability

index

Conclusion
Ship design for
Vulnerability & Survivability
Optimal watertight compartmentation
Variety of damage scenarios and
operational/environmental conditions.
Location of Damage control deck

Restrictions
Space
requirements
for
accommodation,
weapon,
vital
systems
Minimization of structural weight

Very
difficult
without an
optimisati
on
algorithm.

Way Ahead
Database of previous damages
effects/causes

Understand and define our priority Survivability ( Bhkd positioning, form)

Fight Hurt ( System design)

THANK YOU

Type 21 Frigate
- HMS Ardent
- hit by 1,000 lb
aerialbombs
- Sank

Type 42 Air Defence

Destroyer - HMS
Sheffield
- AM39 Exocet.
- Warhead failed to
explode but
Caused
Uncontrollable

 Ships designed for critical damage of 15 %

LBP survived

Extent of damage
Longitudinal- 15% LBP along the length
Transverse- Only one side of the
double bottom tank
Vertical- Till the bulkhead deck

15% LBP Damage Simulation

15% LBP Damage Simulation

Wind Criteria

Dynamic Stability Simulation

Costa Concordia- Italian Cruise ship

sinking

NAPA Simulation-Costa Serena

NAPA Simulation-Costa Serena

NAPA Simulation-Costa Serena