Do Now 4/17/09

1.) What is potential energy? List

some objects that have potential
energy.
2.) What is kinetic energy? List
some objects that have kinetic
energy.

Temperature

The quantity that tells how hot or cold

something is temperature.
Temperature can be measured in degrees
Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
Celsius

Fahrenheit

Freezing water

0 C

32 F

Boiling water

100 C

212 F

Room temperature

20 C

70 F

Nearly all Matter expands when its temperature

increases and contracts when its temperature
decreases.

Temperature and Kinetic

Energy
Molecules in matter have potential and kinetic

energy.
They have the potential to contract when
cooled and expand when heated. They also
have kinetic energy when the molecules are
actually contracting or expanding.
When you touch a hot surface, there is a
transfer of kinetic energy from the molecules in
the hot surface to the molecules in your hand. If
you touch ice, energy from the molecules in
your hand to the molecules in the ice.

Heat

Energy is always transferred from a

warmer substance to a cooler substance.
The energy that is transferred is called
heat. Matter does not contain heat; matter
contains energy, that when transferred from
one substance to the next turns into heat.
When energy is transferred from one
substance to the next, the substances are
said to be in thermal contact.

Transfer of Energy

Heat will flow from the higher temperature

substance to the lower temperature
substance, not necessarily from a
substance with more molecular kinetic
energy (kinetic energy of molecules) to a
substance with less molecular kinetic
energy.
Energy will only be transferred when there
is a difference in temperature, not a
difference in kinetic energy.

Do Now 4/20
1.) Does heat flow from a higher temperature substance
to a lower temperature substance OR from a lower
temperature substance to a higher temperature
substance.
2.) When two substances are in contact, what type of
energy is transferred from one substance to the
other?
3.) What is the freezing point for water in degrees
Celsius? What is the boiling point for water in
degrees Celsius?
4.) When are two substances in thermal contact?

Thermal Equilibrium

After two objects are in thermal contact

with each other, they reach the same
temperature and eventually no heat
flows between them.
When two substances reach the same
temperature after being in contact with
each other, we say that they are in
thermal equilibrium.

A thermometer shows its

own temperature
A thermometer will reach thermal
equilibrium with the substance that
it is in contact with.
If you put a thermometer in a
glass of water, the thermometer
and the water will reach thermal
equilibrium.

Internal Energy
Molecules in matter have potential
and kinetic energy.
The total of all the energies present
in matter is called internal energy.
Matter does not contain heat; it
contains energy, in particular
internal energy.

Calorie

We can determine the amount of heat that is

transferred from one warm substance, such as
a hot piece of iron, to a cooler substance, such
as water, by measuring the temperature
change of the water that absorbs the heat.
A certain amount of heat must be necessary to
produce a temperature change in substances.
The unit for the amount of heat necessary to
produce a specific temperature change in a
substance is known as the calorie.

Calorie

The calorie is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature
of 1 gram of water by 1C.
The calorie is a unit of energy,
just like the joule.
1 calorie = 4.184 J
Therefore, 4.184 joules of energy
raises the temperature of 1 gram
of water by 1C.

Kilocalorie

1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories

The kilocalorie is most commonly
referred to as the Calorie.
This is the Calorie that you know from
nutrition labels.
The Calories of foods are determined by
burning the food and measuring the
energy that is releases as heat.
Calories tell you how much energy the
food gives off when it is burned.

Slice of cheese
pizza = 230 Calories

Cheeseburger
= 400 Calories
Since the cheeseburger
contains more Calories,
the cheeseburger gives
off more heat when it is
burned.

Banana =
170 Calories

Apple = 80
Calories
The BANANA gives
off more heat when it
is burned.

Specific Heat Capacity

Different materials require different

amounts of heat to raise the temperature
of the material by a certain number of
degrees.
The specific heat capacity of any
substance if defined as:
The quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of the
substance by 1 degree.

Specific Heat Capacity

1 calorie of energy is required to raise 1

gram of water by 1C, but it takes only
about 1/8 of a calorie of energy to raise
1 gram of iron by 1C.
Therefore, water has a higher specific
heat capacity because it absorbs more
heat per gram than iron does for the
same change in temperature.

Which has a higher specific heat

capacity water or sand?
Sand heats very quickly in the sun and cools very
quickly at night. Water does not heat has quickly
and it takes much longer for warm water to cool
down. For that reason, water has a higher specific
heat capacity, because it requires much more heat
to raise its temperature than sand. Water also
takes longer to cool.

Heat Transfer

In order to find the amount of heat (Q)

needed to raise the temperature of a
substance by a certain number of degrees,
we need to know the specific heat capacity
(c) of the substance, the mass (m) of the
substance that is undergoing the change in
temperature, and the actual change in
temperature (T).
Q = mcT

heat transferred (number of calories) = mass x specific

heat capacity x change in temperature

Q = mcT
1.) Suppose we want to know the number
of calories needed to raise the
temperature of 1 liter of water by 15C.
The specific heat capacity for water, c, is
1 cal/gC and the mass of 1 liter of water
is 1 kilogram or 1000 grams.
2.) Calculate the number of calories of
heat needed to change 500 grams of
water by 50 Celsius degrees.

Periods 2, 3, 7

1.) Calculate the number of calories of heat

needed to change 2 kg of water by 24 Celsius
degrees.
2.) What mass of water will give up 300 calories
when its temperature drops from 100C to
85C?
3.) A 45 gram piece of iron is heated to 100C and
then dropped into cool water where the irons
temperature drops to 40C. How many calories
does it lose to the water if the specific heat
capacity of iron is 0.11 cal/gC?

Period 4

1.) Calculate the number of calories of

heat needed to change 200 grams of
water by 24 Celsius degrees.
2.) How many calories are needed to raise
the temperature of 550 grams of water
by 20C?
3.) What mass of water will give up 300
calories when its temperature drops
from 100C to 85C?

Do Now 4/21
1.) Does a thermometer show its own
temperature?
2.) What is thermal equilibrium?
3.) If you drop a hot rock into a pail of water,
the temperature of the rock and the water will
change until both are equal. The rock will
cool and the water will warm. Does the
same principle hold true if the rock is
dropped into a large lake? Explain.
4.) What is specific heat capacity?

Water has a HIGH

specific
heat
capacity

Water has a much higher capacity for storing

energy than most materials.
A relatively small amount of water absorbs a
great deal of heat. Water also takes longer to
cool.
Which would be better a 10 kilogram iron
brick or a 10 kilogram jug of hot water at the
same temperature?
The jug of water because it has a higher specific heat
capacity and takes longer to cool than the iron. It will stay
warmer for much longer.

Thermal Expansion

When the temperature of a substance

increases, the molecules of the substance
tend to move farther apart.
With a few exceptions, almost all forms of
matter solids, liquids, and gases expand
when they are heated and contract when
they are cooled.
Gases generally expand or contract more
than liquids, and liquids expand or contract
more than solids.

Thermal Expansion

When concrete heats up, it expands.

Tar separations allow the concrete to expand on warm
days. Without those separations, the concrete would
crack as a result of expansions and contractions during
different seasons.
Why is it advisable to allow telephone lines to sag
when stringing them between poles in the summer?
Telephone lines are longer in the summer, when they are
warmer, and shorter in the winter (contract) when they are
cooler. They sag more on hot summer days than in winter. If
the telephone lines are not strung with enough sag in the
summer, they might contract too much and snap during the
winter.

Bimetallic Strip

A bimetallic strip is a strip of two different metals,

i.e. one of brass and one of iron, that are welded
together. When the strip is heated, the metals
expand in different ways.
If the brass expands much more than the iron,
the brass part of the strip will become longer
than the iron strip, causing it to bend towards the
iron side. Since the brass expands more than
the iron when heated, it will also contract more
than the iron when cooled.
As the bimetallic strip is cooled, the brass
contracts more than the iron, causing the strip to
become shorter than the iron strip and bend
towards the brass side.

On loose leaf:
How does a thermostat use a
bimetallic strip to function?

When a room becomes too cold, the bimetallic

strip will curve toward the brass side, it will
curve upward, and in doing so closes an
electric switch that turns on the heat. When
the room becomes too warm, the bimetallic
strip will curve toward the iron side,
downwards, which opens the switch and turns
off the heat.

Water is a special case!

Water contracts when its temperature increases.

As water is heated and its temperature rises, it
continues to contract until it reaches a temperature of
4C. But once it reaches 4C it will start to expand as
the temperature increases.
Water is the most dense at 4C.
Large density = small volume; therefore, water has its
smallest volume at 4 degrees Celsius. Water has its
smallest density and largest volume when it turns into
ice. Ice is less dense than water, which is why ice
floats on liquid water.

Test Review (track 2)

The temperature at which water freezes and boils (in degrees Celsius and
Fahrenheit
Kinetic energy is transferred between molecules when temperature of a
substance changes. Potential energy is the stored energy of the molecules
(before they actually expand and contract)
Thermal contact and Thermal equilibrium
The temperature at which water is the most dense
Which contracts/expands the most when temperature decreases/increases:
solids, liquids, or gases?
Specific heat capacity
Thermal expansion how is the breaking of bridges and concrete sidewalks
prevented?
Matter does not contain heat. It contains internal energy.
Heat flow
Bimetallic strips how does a thermostat use a bimetallic strip to function?
Heat transfer (Q = mcT)

Test Review (track 3)

The temperature at which water freezes (in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit)
Kinetic energy is transferred between molecules when temperature of a substance
changes. Potential energy is the stored energy of the molecules (before they actually
expand and contract)
When temperature increases, a substance expands, which means the molecules move
farther apart. When temperature decreases, molecules move closer together.
Thermal contact and Thermal equilibrium
The temperature at which water is the most dense
Which contracts/expands the most when temperature decreases/increases: solids, liquids,
or gases?
Specific heat capacity (water has a high specific heat capacity; substances that have low
specific heat capacities heat up quickly & cool down quickly)
Thermal expansion how is the breaking of bridges and concrete sidewalks prevented?
Matter does not contain heat. It contains internal energy.
Heat flows from warmer substance to cooler substance.
Bimetallic strips how does a thermostat use a bimetallic strip to function?
Heat transfer (Q = mcT)