Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
IT HAS OFTEN BEEN DISMISSED AS CRUDE AND UNREFINED, BUT ALSO HAS PROPONENTS WHO
HIGHLIGHT ITS IMPORTANCE IN CURRENT DESIGN.
TRADITION VS MODERN
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
AND AN ARCHITECT
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DEALS WITH ECONOMICS OF
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DEPENDS ON ECONOMIC, CLIMATIC,
SYMBOLIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
THATCH ROOF
BAMBOO
MUD HOUSE
BRITIGHAR (the house and all its rooms fenced within one
boundary)
ATCHALA (house with eight roofs, four over the main building
and four over the verandas attached on each side)
TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED
The walls were generally made of mud. Where the mud was not
suitable for this purpose, walls were constructed of bunches of
straw or mats, tied to each other and to the bamboo frame to form
walls.
TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
"Oblong shaped mud-walled houses with thatch and tile roof are common in West Bengal, the roof of the mud-walled house
which is peculiar to only this area. The mud is dried in the form of block for building houses. The gaps between the blocks are
filled in with clay.
Mud-walled houses with One to Two levels of roof are common in central bengal.Mud-walled house with long grass-thatched roof
is common. This type of house is also common in West bengal.
Mud house
plan
Scale model
MATERIAL AVAILABLE
THATCH/KHAD
RAMMED EARTH
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED
BAMBOO
ROPE
THATCH
THATCH AREA
BALLI
STRAW
MUD FLOORING
BAMBOO
STRAW-BALE
Bales of rice, wheat or oat straw are laid in a running bond pattern (like bricks), tied together with pins, and then plastered with earth, lime or
cement stucco.
Such a straw bale home saves as much as 75% of heating and cooling costs.
Buildings build with straw-bale walls in combination with conventional building methods have proven to be very strong, durable, extremely
economical to heat, cool in the summer, acoustically quiet, aesthetically appealing, ecologically friendly, very fast, and easy to construct.
EARTH BAGS
Earth bags are soil-filled fabric sacks or tubes used to create walls and domes.
Traditionally used for flood control and by armies to create bunkers, this method of construction has been recently turned to a variety of
natural construction purposes.
To build with this technique, moistened soil is placed into a bag set in place on the wall, the bag is lowered into place, then compressed using
a hand tamper.
Heavy earth mixtures can be used with weaker burlap bags as the compressed soil makes the bags redundant once it sets.
Recycled sacks are often available free or at minimal cost. In earthquake prone areas, a layer of long-point barbed wire is used as "mortar"
between the bags to contain slipping.
Domes using these materials are easily achieved with a corbelling system utilizing long tubes made of the polypropylene bags.
You can make moulds so that several blocks can be made at one
time.
The roofing system consists of partially precast or cast-in-situ ribs/beams at certain spacing covered with panels..
The panels and beams are connected through shear connectors to achieve composite action. Varieties of options are available for the beams
(precast reinforced concrete, rolled steel sections, trussed steel members, timber, steel, concrete composite, etc.) and panels (precast concrete,
reinforced brickwork, stone slabs, hollow hourdi tile, reinforced SMB panel, etc.).
The profile for the panels could be curved, folded plate or flat. Use of curved shape panels results in a composite jack-arch roof. The beam
cross section can also be adjusted to minimize the material consumption. The major advantages of this type of roofing system are:
(i) possibility of prefabrication and quick erection,
(ii) better quality assurance due to prefabrication,
(iii) savings in volume of materials and hence cost effectiveness,
(iv) Possibility of using hollow panels to increase thermal comfort.
EARTH SHELTERING
Practice of using earth against building walls for external thermal mass, to reduce heat loss, and to easily maintain a steady indoor air temperature.
Earth berming: Earth is piled up against exterior walls and packed, sloping down away from the house. The roof may, or may not be, fully earth
covered, and windows/openings may occur on one or more sides of the shelter. Due to the building being above ground, fewer moisture problems are
associated with earth berming in comparison to underground/fully recessed construction.
In-hill construction: The house is set into a slope or hillside. There is only one exposed wall in this type of earth sheltering, the wall facing out of the
hill, all other walls are embedded within the earth/hill.
Underground/fully recessed construction: The ground is excavated, and the house is set in below grade. It can also be referred to as an Atrium style
due to the common atrium/courtyard constructed in the middle of the shelter to provide adequate light and ventilation.
Benefits
They include: taking advantage of the earth as a thermal mass, offering extra protection from the natural elements, energy savings, providing
substantial privacy, efficient use of land in urban settings,
shelters have low maintenance requirements.
Earth berming
TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED :
Technology Adapted The vernacular architecture and
construction methods have developed through the local
innovation and availability of building material.
The general building tradition in the area uses clay walls
plastered on a bamboo framework or rammed earth core
walls up to two stories.
the walls support a roof construction made of bamboo and
covered with paddy-straw with a thatching of a more
durable grass.
TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED :
DHAJJI - WALL
This technique uses timber and bricks but is quite different from modern brick construction.
A framework of timber is made which is then filled with burnt clay bricks.
Presence of timber studs gives a sturdy framework and divides the brickwork into small sections. As a result the individual sections resist
shaking and this prevents destruction of the wall.
Dhajji - deewar system is often used for walls of upper stories, especially for the gable portion of the wall, even when the walls in bottom stories
could be made of brick or stone masonry.
STILTED HOUSE
COB HOUSES
JAALIS
An aesthetic element from the archives of architecture.
the jaali is basically perforations in a wall created for allowing light and ventilation, the most fundamental being a wall with its header
blocks removed.
Modifying the proportions of perforations, according to the solar angle ,can help control the influx of radiations to quite and extent.
Brick jails sealed with pieces of glass can economically provided pleasing, diffused light.
BRICK JALIES
Framing, in construction known as light-frame construction, is a building technique based around structural members, usually called studs, which
provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached, and covered by a roof comprising horizontal ceiling joists and
sloping rafters (together forming a truss structure) or manufactured pre-fabricated roof trussesall of which are covered by various sheathing
materials to give weather resistance.
Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in many municipalities
or by individual state laws in the United States.
Light frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction method in North America and Australia
because of its economy.
Use of minimal structural materials allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles.
A Larsen truss is a type of wall truss used to build a thick wall thick enough to provide room for above-average amounts of
insulation
A Larsen truss is usually site-built. Because the truss is not required to bear any roof load, its components are light. The original
Larsen truss consisted of two parallel 2x2s connected by small rectangular gussets of 3/8-inch-thick plywood. The gussets measured
6" x 8" each and were spaced 24 inches apart. A completed Larsen truss looked like a ladder with rectangular plywood rungs.
Larsen trusses are designed to be attached to the exterior surface of the wall sheathing of a new home. In most cases, these homes
were framed with conventional 2x4 or 2x6 studs. Larsen trusses can also be used in retrofit work, in which case they are installed
on top of the existing siding.
EXAMPLES
Artic Circle
NOTICE, TOO, HOW THE GABLED ROOF DECREASES IN PITCH AS THE RATE OF
PRECIPITATION DECREASES. IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND MOST DISTRICTS SUBJECTED
TO HEAVY SNOW, GABLES ARE STEEP, WHILE IN THE SUNNIER LANDS OF THE SOUTH,
THE PITCH STEADILY DECREASES. IN THE HOT COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH AFRICAN
COAST THE ROOFS BECOME QUITE FLAT, IN SOME AREAS PROVIDING A COMFORTABLE
PLACE TO SLEEP. STILL FURTHER SOUTH, IN THE TROPICAL RAINFALL ZONE, THE
ROOFS ARE AGAIN STEEP TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM THE TORRENTIAL
DOWNPOURS TYPICAL OF THE REGION.
IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT SO LONG AS THE PEOPLE OF THE HUMID TROPICAL
REGIONS BUILT THEIR HUTS WITH REEDS AND GRASS, WHICH ALLOWED AIR TO PASS
THROUGH THE WALLS, THE STEEPLY PITCHED ROOF WAS A USEFUL DEVICE. HOWEVER,
ONCE THEY BEGAN TO USE MORE SOPHISTICATED MATERIALS LIKE CEMENT BLOCK
AND THE COMMON GABLED ROOF TOPPED WITH CORRUGATED IRON SHEETS, THE
HOUSES BECAME UNBEARABLY HOT AND STUFFY. THIS KIND OF ROOF PREVENTS THE
CATCHING OF DRAUGHTS AT THE VERY LEVEL WHERE THEY PREVAIL, AND THE SOLID
WALLS PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF AIR.
TOPOGRAPHY
Topography is a general term in geography, which refers to the lie of the land, or various other characteristics of
Physical geography in a region; this is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain
features. The understanding of these features is an integral aspect of geography, encompassing the practice of
cartography, surveying, and GIS. The topography of an area often has a great influence on its weather and
sometimes on climate.
Topology refers to the configuration of surface features of a plot of land, which influences where, and how to build
and develop a site. To study the response of a building design to the topography of a site, we can use a series of site
sections or a site plan with contour lines.
Contour lines are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation above a datum or bench mark. The trajectory of
each contour line indicates the shape of the land formation at that elevation. Note that contour lines are always
continuous and never cross one another, have they coincided in a plan view when they cut across a vertical surface.
Dwelling at Na
SOCIAL CUSTOMS
These can be defined as:
Moral attitudes.
Manners; ways.
Although the term "social" is a crucial category in social science and often used in public discourse, its meaning
is often vague, suggesting that it is a fuzzy concept. An added difficulty is that social attributes or
relationships may not be directly observable and visible, and must be inferred by abstract thought.
In law, custom, or customary law consists of established patterns of behaviour that can be objectively verified
within a particular social setting. Generally, customary law exists where
1. The typical Muslim house was built on a standard pattern: a rectangular house built around a central
courtyard with high windowless walls on the outside with a single low door. The interior space was
important, not the outside.
2. As family size increased, more rooms were built on the lot's unused land. Once the land around the
courtyard has been covered, expansion took place in a vertical direction.
3. Part of the house is separated for females. The men's reception (or guest) room tends to be located next
to the entrance lobby of the house so that visitors do not meet with the females or violate the harem (the
women's part of the house).
LIFE STYLE
In sociology, a lifestyle is the way a person (or a group) lives. This includes patterns of social relations, consumption,
entertainment, and dress. A lifestyle typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview.
Having a specific "lifestyle" implies a conscious or unconscious choice between one set of behaviours and some other
sets of behaviours.
In business, "lifestyles" provide a means of targeting consumers as advertisers and marketers endeavor to match
consumer aspirations with products.
The term "lifestyle" apparently first appeared in 1939. Alvin Toffler predicted an explosion of lifestyles ("subcults")
as diversity increases in post-industrial societies. Pre-modern societies did not require a term approaching sub-culture
or "lifestyle", as different ways of living were expressed as entirely different cultures, religions, ethnicities or by an
oppressed minority racial group. As such the minority culture was always seen as alien or other. "Lifestyles", by
comparison, are accepted or partially accepted differences within the majority culture or group. This tolerance of
differentiation within a majority culture seems to be associated with modernity and capitalism.
in
Traditional Weavers House In Andhra Pradesh