Viscous Flow in Pipes

CEE 331 Fluid Mechanics

January 29, 2016
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk

School of Civil and

Environmental Engineering

Types of Engineering Problems

How big does the pipe have to be to carry a
flow of x m3/s?
What will the pressure in the water
distribution system be when a fire hydrant
is open?
Can we increase the flow in this old pipe by
adding a smooth liner?

Viscous Flow in Pipes: Overview

Boundary Layer Development
Turbulence
Velocity Distributions
Energy Losses
Major
Minor

Solution Techniques

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Reynolds apparatus

VD inertia
Re

damping

Transition at Re of 2000

Boundary layer growth:

Transition length
What does the water near the pipeline wall experience?
_________________________
Drag or shear
Why does the water in the center of the pipeline speed
Conservation of mass
up? _________________________
Non-Uniform Flow

Entrance Region Length

le
f Re
D

le
0.06 Re
D

le
1/ 6
4.4 Re
D

Distance
for
velocity
profile to
develop
Shear in the
entrance region vs laminar
shear in long pipes?

turbulent

Velocity Distributions
Turbulence causes transfer of momentum
from center of pipe to fluid closer to the pipe
wall.
Mixing of fluid (transfer of momentum)
causes the central region of the pipe to have
relatively uniform
_______velocity (compared to
laminar flow)
Close to the pipe wall, eddies are smaller
(size proportional to distance to the boundary)

Log Law for Turbulent, Established

Flow, Velocity Profiles
yu*
u
2.5ln
5.0 Dimensional analysis and measurements
u*

yu*
20
Valid for

0
Turbulence produced by shear!
u*

Shear velocity Velocity of large eddies

rough smooth
h d
Force balance
0 f
4l
ghf d
u*
4l
y
f
u* V
8
u/umax

Pipe Flow: The Problem

We have the control volume energy
equation for pipe flow
We need to be able to predict the head loss
term.
We will use the results we obtained using
dimensional analysis

Viscous Flow: Dimensional

Analysis
Remember dimensional analysis?
D

C p f , Re
l
D

2p
VD
and C p
Where Re
V 2

Two important parameters!

Re - Laminar or Turbulent
/D - Rough or Smooth

Flow geometry
internal _______________________________
in a bounded region (pipes, rivers): find Cp
external _______________________________
flow around an immersed object : find C
d

Pipe Flow Energy Losses

f Cp

, Re
f
L
D

2p
Cp
V 2
2 ghf D
f 2
V L
L V2
hf f
D 2g
u*2
f=8 2
V

Dimensional Analysis

ghl p g z

ghl p

Cp

2 ghl
V2

More general

Assume horizontal flow

Always true (laminar or turbulent)

Darcy-Weisbach equation
L u*2
hf 8
D 2g

Friction Factor : Major losses

Laminar flow
Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain

Laminar Flow Friction Factor

gD 2 hl
V
32 L
32 LV
hf
gD 2
L V2
hf f
D 2g
32 LV
LV2
f
2
D 2g
gD
64 64
f

VD Re

Hagen-Poiseuille
hf V

D 4 ghl
Q
128 l

Darcy-Weisbach

f independent of roughness!
Slope of ___
-1 on log-log plot

L V2
hf f
D 2g

Turbulent Flow:
Smooth, Rough, Transition
Hydraulically smooth
pipe law (von Karman,
1930)
Rough pipe law (von
Karman, 1930)
Transition function for
both smooth and rough
pipe laws (Colebrook)
f
u* V
8

Re f
1
2 log

2.51
f

1
3.7 D
2 log

1
2.51
D
2 log

3.7
f
Re f

(used to draw the Moody diagram)

Moody Diagram

friction factor

D
f C p
l

0.10
0.08

0.05
0.04
0.03

0.06
0.05

0.02
0.015

0.04

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004

0.03
laminar

0.002

0.02

0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.01
1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Swamee-Jain
1976
limitations

/D < 2 x 10-2
Re >3 x 103
less than 3% deviation
from results obtained Q D 5 / 2
2
with Moody diagram

easy to program for

computer or calculator
use

D 0.66

0.25

5.74
log 3.7 D Re0.9

1.25

ghf

log
2.51
L
3.7
D

Colebrook

LQ

ghf
2

4.75

no f
L

2 ghf D 3

L
Q

gh
f

5.2

0.04

9.4

Each equation has two terms. Why?

Pipe roughness
pipe material
glass, drawn brass, copper
commercial steel or wrought iron
asphalted cast iron
galvanized iron
cast iron
concrete
rivet steel
corrugated metal
PVC

pipe roughness (mm)

0.0015
0.045

0.12
d Must be
0.15
dimensionless!
0.26
0.18-0.6
0.9-9.0
45
0.12

Solution Techniques
find

head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)

0.25
2
8
LQ
f
4Q
2
hf f 2
Re
5

5.74

g
D
D
log 3.7 D Re0.9

find flow rate given (head, D, L, type of pipe)

ghf

log
2.51
L
3.7 D

Q
D5 / 2
2
find

2 ghf D 3

pipe size given (head, type of pipe,L, Q)

LQ
1.25
D 0.66

gh

4.75

L
Q

gh

5.2

9.4

0.04

Example: Find a pipe diameter

The marine pipeline for the Lake Source Cooling
project will be 3.1 km in length, carry a maximum flow
of 2 m3/s, and can withstand a maximum pressure
differential between the inside and outside of the pipe
of 28 kPa. The pipe roughness is 2 mm. What diameter
pipe should be used?

Minor Losses: Expansions!

We previously obtained losses through an
expansion using conservation of energy,
momentum, and mass
Most minor losses can not be obtained
analytically, so they must be measured
Minor losses are often expressed as a loss
coefficient, K, times the velocity head. hex
High Re

C p f geometry, Re

2p
Cp
V 2

2 ghex
Cp
V2

V2
K
2g

V2
hex C p
2g

Venturi

hex

2
in

2g

Sudden Contraction
EGL

Cc

Ain
1

A
out

hc
1
C

HGL
Ac

A2

1
0.95
0.9
0.85
Cc 0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

A2/A1

V1

2
V2
vena contracta

Losses are reduced with a gradual contraction

Equation has same form as expansion equation!

V22
2g

Entrance Losses
V2

he K e
Losses can be
2g
K e 1.0
reduced by
Estimate based on
accelerating the flow
contraction equations!
gradually and
K e 0.5
eliminating the

vena contracta
K e 0.04

Head Loss in Bends

High pressure

Head loss is a function

of the ratio of the bend
radius to the pipe
diameter (R/D)
Velocity distribution
D
returns to normal
several pipe diameters
hb
downstream
Kb varies from 0.6 - 0.9

high

low
R

Possible
separation
from wall

V
p
dn z C
R

Low pressure

Kb

V2
2g

Head Loss in Valves

Function of valve type and
valve position
The complex flow path through
valves can result in high head
loss (of course, one of the
purposes of a valve is to create
head loss when it is not fully
open)
Yes!
Can Kvbe greater than 1? ______

What is V?
hv K v

V2
2g

8Q 2
hv K v
g 2 D 4

Solution Techniques
Neglect minor losses
Equivalent pipe lengths
Iterative Techniques
Using Swamee-Jain equations for D and Q
Using Swamee-Jain equations for head loss
Assume a friction factor

Pipe Network Software

Solution Technique: Head Loss

Can be solved explicitly
hminor

Re

V2
K
2g
4Q

hminor

8Q 2

g 2

K
D4

0.25

5.74

3.7 D Re 0.9

log

hl hf hminor

hf f

8
g 2

LQ 2
D5

Find D or Q
Solution Technique 1
Assume all head loss is major head loss
Calculate D or Q using Swamee-Jain
equations
8Q 2
hex K
Calculate minor losses
g 2 D 4
Find new major losses by subtracting minor
hf hl hex
losses from total head loss

D5/ 2
2

ghf

log
2.51
L
3.7
D

D 0.66

2 ghf D 3

1.25

LQ

gh

f
2

4.75

L
Q

gh

5.2

9.4

0.04

Find D or Q
Solution Technique 2: Solver
Iterative technique
Solve these equations
Re

4Q

hminor K

0.25

5.74

0.9
3.7 D Re

log

8Q 2
g 2 D 4

hl hf hminor

hf f

8
g 2

LQ 2
D5

Use goal seek or Solver to

find discharge that makes the
calculated head loss equal
the given head loss.

Spreadsheet

Find D or Q
Solution Technique 3: assume f
The friction factor doesnt vary greatly
If Q is known assume f is 0.02, if D is
1

2
log

known assume rough pipe law

f

Use Darcy Weisbach and minor loss

equations
Solve for Q or D
Calculate Re and /D
Find new f on Moody diagram
Iterate

3.7 D

Example: Minor and Major

Losses
Find the maximum dependable flow between the reservoirs
for a water temperature range of 4C to 20C.

Water

25 m elevation difference in reservoir water levels

Reentrant pipes at reservoirs
Standard elbows

2500 m of 8 PVC pipe

1500 m of 6 PVC pipe

Spreadsheet

Sudden contraction
Gate valve wide open
Directions

Example (Continued)
What are the Reynolds numbers in the two
pipes? 90,000 & 125,000 /D= 0.0006, 0.0008
Where are we on the Moody Diagram?
What is the effect of temperature?
Why is the effect of temperature so small?
What value of K would the valve have to
produce to reduce the discharge by 50%? 140
friction factor

0.1

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004

laminar

0.01

1E+03

Spreadsheet

0.05
0.04
0.03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
smooth

Example (Continued)
Yes
Were the minor losses negligible?
Accuracy of head loss calculations? 5%
What happens if the roughness increases by
f goes from 0.02 to 0.035
a factor of 10?
If you needed to increase the flow by 30%
what could you do? Increase small pipe diameter
0.1

0.05
0.04
0.03

friction factor

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004

laminar

0.002

0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001

0.00005

0.01

1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Pipe Flow Summary (1)

Shear increases _________
linearly with distance
from the center of the pipe (for both laminar
and turbulent flow)
Laminar flow losses and velocity
distributions can be derived based on
momentum (Navier Stokes) and energy
conservation
Turbulent flow losses and velocity
experimental results
distributions require ___________

Pipe Flow Summary (2)

Energy equation left us with the elusive head loss
term
Dimensional analysis gave us the form of the head
loss term (pressure coefficient)
Experiments gave us the relationship between the
pressure coefficient and the geometric parameters
and the Reynolds number (results summarized on
Moody diagram)

Pipe Flow Summary (3)

Dimensionally correct equations fit to the
empirical results can be incorporated into
computer or calculator solution techniques
Minor losses are obtained from the pressure
coefficient based on the fact that the
constant at high
pressure coefficient is _______
Reynolds numbers
Solutions for discharge or pipe diameter
often require iterative or computer solutions

Pressure Coefficient for a Venturi

Meter

Cp

10

2 p
Cp
V 2
1
1E+01

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

Re

Vl
Re

0.1
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.015

friction factor

1E+00

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.01
1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Moody Diagram
0.1

f Cp
l

0.05
0.04
0.03

friction factor

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004

laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.01
1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Minor Losses

LSC Pipeline
z=0
cs1

cs2

Ignore minor losses

p1
V12 p2
V22
z1 1

z2 2
hl

2g
2g

KE will be small
Q 2m3 / s

-2.85 m

28 kPa is equivalent to 2.85 m of water

0.04

LQ
L

D 0.66 1.25
Q 9.4

gh f
gh

2
V2
D 154
. m V 1.07 m / s 2
0.06 m
2g
4.75

5.2

106 m 2 / s
L 3100m
0.002m
h f 2.85m

Directions
Assume fully turbulent (rough pipe law)
find f from Moody (or from von Karman)

Find total head loss (draw control volume)

Solve for Q using symbols (must include
minor losses) (no iteration required)
hl hf hminor

Solution

0.1

Water

0.05
0.04
0.03

friction factor

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.01
1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Pipe roughness

Find Q given pipe system

hminor K

8Q 2
g D
2

hf f

8
g 2

hl hf hminor
8Q 2
hl
g 2

f L
K

D 5
4
D

ghl

K
8 f 5

4
D
D

Water

LQ 2
D5