DOORDARSHAN INDIA

Television Receive only Terminal (TVRO)

Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD)

J. M. KHARCHE
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 Components of TVRO
(Television Receive only Terminal)

1) PDA (Parabolic Dish Antenna)

2) FEED
3) LNBC
4) Low Loss Cable
5) System unit (Splitter)
6) IRD (Integrated Receiver Decoder)

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 TVRO Setup

3.7 to 4.2 GHz

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 Types of PDA

1) Cassegrain (Feed at axis with Sub reflector).

2) Gregorian (Feed at Prime focus).

3) Offset Fed (Feed away from axis)

4) Monopod
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 Antenna Type
Cassegrian Gregorian Prime Focus

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PDA Prime focus

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PDA Principle

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PDA

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Prime Focus Cassegrain PDA

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Prime Focus PDA

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Offset PDA

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Offset PDA

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Monopod Uplink PDA

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PDA in Radome

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Dual PDA

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Ku band PDA (Auto Tracking)

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Ku band PDA (Auto Tracking)

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PDA for 5 Satellites in 8 Deg Arc

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Offset PDA with Multi Feed

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Future PDA

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Future PDA

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Multiple Path for RF Signals

1 DIRECT
2 REFLECTED
3 TROPO-SCATTER
4 IONOSPHERIC HOP
5 SATELLITE RELAY
6 GROUND WAVE

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Main parameter of PDA
1) Size (Diameter) (Gain)
2) Focal length
3) Feed mounting
(a) Prime focus
(b) Offset
4) Mount
(a) X-Y mount
(b) Polar mount
5) G/T

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 Types of Receive Feeds
1. Linear
2. Dual Linear Orthogonal
1. 1 Horizontal
2. 1 Vertical
3. Dual Linear
1. 2 Horizontal or 2 Vertical
4. Circular
1. With Polarization Motor
2. Without Polarization Motor
5. Dual Band
6. Tri Band 24
Polarization

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Single Linear C band

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Dual Linear Orthogonal

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Feed circular Ku Band

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Dual Linear Orthogonal C band Feed

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Dual Linear C band Feed

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Single Circular Feed

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Dual Circular C band Feed

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Dual band circular C & Ku Band Feed

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Dual band circular C & Ku Band Feed

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Dual Band Linear Orthogonal C& Ku band Feed

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Tri band C, Ku & S band Feed

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 Why LNB is needed?
•A signal from a satellite is a very low power signal.
•The satellite reception dish does a first amplification by reflecting
and concentrating the signal received into one focus point.
•The LNB, mounted exactly at this point in front of the parabolic
dish, further amplifies this signal because it is till very weak.
•This amplified satellite signal cannot be sent directly though a coax
cable. Due to this still very high frequency (3.7GHz to 4.3GHz in C
band and 10 to 13GHz in Ku band) sending this signal directly into a
coax cable would result in very high signal loss.

This is why the LNB also converts the signal into a lower
frequency. The LNBC's LO Frequency determines how
many Mhz the signal is converted downwards.
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Block Diagram of LNBC

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 Block Diagram of Ku Band LNBC

H
22 KC

18 V DC
H 22 KC in
From feed C/O C/O DC in

IF out
V
13 V DC

0 KC

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 Types of LNBC
1) LNBC (only Low Noise Block Converter)
1) C-band
1) Professional
2) Commercial
2) Ku-band
1) Professional
2) Commercial
2) LNBF (Low Noise Block Converter along with
integrated feed.)
1) Ku-band
1) Commercial
2) C-band
1) Commercial 40
Frequency response of commercial LNBC

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Frequency response of professional LNBC

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 Ku-Band LNBF Specifications
1) Input frequency range:
a) Low band:10.7~11.7GHz
b) High band:11.7~12.75GHz
2) Output frequency range:
a) Low band: 950~1,950GHz
b) High band: 1,100~2,150GHz
3) L.o. frequency: 9.75/10.6 GHz±1MHz (max.) at 25°C
4) L.o. frequency stability: 9.75/10.6GHz ± 2MHz (max.) at
-40~+60°C
5) Output connector type: 75Ω female connector
6) Output VSWR: 2.0:1 (typical)
7) Conversion gain: 58dB (min.)
8) Gain variation: 5dB at all band
9) Image rejection: 45dB (min.)
10) Cross polarization: 20dB (min.)
11) DC current consumption: 90mA (max.)

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 Types of Ku band LNBC
1) Low band

2) High band

3) Dual band (13V/18V)

4) Dual band with polarisation control

(13V/18V) (0Hz/22 KHz)..

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LNBF C band

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LNBF Ku band

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Dual LNBF Ku band

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Low Loss Cable

• Co-axial Cable
– Single Braiding

– Double Braiding

– Foil Shielding

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RF Connectors

• N connector

• F connector

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 Types of System Units or Splitters

1. Passive- 1 to 2, 1 to 4, 1 to 8.
1. With DC Power Supply for LNBC
2. Without DC Power Supply for LNBC
2. Active- 1 to 8, 1 to 16, 1 to 32……. etc.

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Use of a Splitter or Distribution Amplifier

When multiple IRDs are receiving their signal from one

satellite dish, a passive splitter or active distribution
amplifier/ splitter can be used.

3.7 to 4.2 GHz

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 Frequency Calculation IRD + LNB

The LO of LNB determines the actual reception frequency

range. The reception frequency range of the IRD and LNB
together is calculated as shown in the following example:

C Band LNBC's LO frequency: 5150 Mhz.

Input frequency range: = (5150 - 1450) to (5150 - 950) Mhz
= 3700 Mhz. to 4200 Mhz

Ku Band LNBC's LO frequency: 10750 Mhz. (9.75&10.6 GHz)

Input frequency range: = (950+10750) to (1450+10750) Mhz
= 11700 Mhz. to 12200 Mhz

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 Calculation of L-Band Frequency

L-Band frequency = FS D/L - FLO

Where:
• FS D/L = Transponder’s Down link transmitting
frequency.
• FLO = LNBC's local oscillator frequency.

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Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication

C = D/L 3.7 - 4.2 U/L 5.8 - 6.3 GHz

Ext C = D/L 4.2 - 4.5 U/L 6.3 - 6.6 GHz

Ku I =D/L10.95-11.2 U/L 14.0-14.25 GHz

Ku II =D/L11.45 - 11.7 U/L14.25-14.5 GHz
Ku III = D/L12.5 - 12.75 U/L13.75-14.0 GHz

Ka = D/L10.95-12.75 U/L 29.5 - 30.0 GHz

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 TVRO Tracking
a) Connect the equipments (as per diagram).
b) Enter receive parameters in IRD.
c) Connect one output of LNBC to spectrum
analyser. Set the center frequency, RBW, VBW
Span and keep low retrace time/ sweep time.
d) Bring PDA’s Azimuth & Elevation angle near to
the required value.
e) Optimise the Azimuth & Elevation alternatively
till the telemetry signal is peaked.
f) Optimise feed’s focal point.
g) Optimise feed’s polarisation by rotating in either
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side for liner feeds. Continue …..
Continue…. TVRO Tracking

h) Optimise feed’s polarisation by rotating pickup

link in either side.
i) Repeat e,f,g or e,f,h to maximise peaking.
j) TVRO should be optimised once in three to four
months, using spectrum analyser.

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Telemetry of INSAT-2E

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C-10 Txd of INSAT-2E

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 Precautions during Maintenance
a) Do not climb on the PDA.
b) Do not allow trapping of moisture inside a feed
(due to rain, nesting, bees, dust, dew etc.).
c) Put seal on LNBCs output connector.
d) Tie the low loss cable on PDA and give support.
e) Provide Earthing on top of PDA to avoid failure
of LNBC during Lightening.
f) Greasing of screw jacks once in a year.
g) Greasing of motors every two year.
h) Earth resistance measurement & Watering of
earth pits during summer. 59
 Requirement for Reception of Satellite Signal
•Foot prints of satellite in that geographical area
•Parking slot of the satellite
•Longitude and Latitude of the place
•Calculation of Look angle i.e. Azimuth and Elevation
•Down link frequency
•Polarization
•Symbol rate
•FEC
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Pas10 Footprint-Ku band India beam

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INSAT 3A Footprint-C band Expanded
beam

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INSAT 3C Footprint-C band India beam

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 Telemetry of Satellites

Satellite Telemetery1 Polarisation Telemetery2 Polarasation

INSAT 2E 4190.976 LHCP 4197.504 RHCP
INSAT 3C 4187.520 4194.000
INSAT 3E 4190.976 LHCP 4197.504 RHCP
Thaicom 3 4197.875 V
Pas 10 4018.125
Pas 10 12749.500 H 11699.000 V
INSAT 3A 4195.776 LHCP 4197.504 LHCP
NSS6 11198.000 H 11199.500 H

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Advantages of IRD over Analog Receiver

• Reception at low signal strength.

• Noise free reception.

• Enhanced quality.

• Reception through Data channel.

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 Parts of IRD

1) RF Module.

2) Demodulator

3) CAM Module.

4) PCM CIA Slot

5) Decoder.

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Signal path in a IRD

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 Input of IRD

• L band QPSK (Optional: 8PSK, QAM etc.)

• ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface)

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 Types of IRD
I R D

P r o f e s s io n a l C o m m e r c ia l

4 : 2 : 0 4 : 2 : 0 & 4 : 42 : 2 : 0 4 : 2 : 0
C I & C A C I & C A F T A C I & C A

W it h o u t WD ai t t h a o u t WD ai t t h a o u t WD ai t t h a o u t

W it h D a Wt a it h D a Wt a it h D a Wt a it h D a

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 Configuration parameter for IRD

1) Carrier Frequency.

2) Polarisation

3) Type of modulation (QPSK, QAM etc.)

4) FEC

5) Symbol Rate.

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Input card

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RF Receiver Loop through

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 Output of IRD

• Analog Video and Analog Audio

• ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface)
• Digital Video (SDI) and Digital Audio (AES/
EBU) (OPTIONAL)
• RS-232 data (LSD) (OPTIONAL)
• RS-422 data (HSD) (OPTIONAL)
• Ethernet (OPTIONAL)

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Rear Panel Section

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 Data Output
(a) Low Speed Data: Some Prof. IRDs can deliver
Low speed data (LSD) transfer rates up to 115
Kbps over RS-232 port
(b) High Speed Data: Some professional IRDs can
deliver High Speed Data (HSD) transfer rates upto
20 Mbps over a balance RS-422 port.
(c) Ethernet Data: Some Prof. IRDs can deliver data
at transfer rates up to 100 Mbps over Ethernet
port.

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 De-scrambling
(A) Internal CAS:
• Most of the professional IRDs are equipped with internal de-scrambler
and two independent DVB-CI Common Interface slots.
• The internal DVB de-scrambler is suitable for manufacturers own
proprietary CAS (e.g. CODI Crypt in Scopus 2800 IRDs, RAS in NDS
Altea IRDs).
(B) External CAS:
• DVB-CI can be used to decipher encrypted DVB signals by means of
authorized smart card and CA specific CAM (Conditional Access
Module).
• CA methods: Multcrypt, Simulcrypt
• CAS: Irdeto, Beta Crypt, NDS Videoguard, CODICrypt, Viaccess,
Conax, Cryptoworks, Aston, On Digital, Digicipher 2, Nagravision,
Canal+.

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 De-scrambling conti….
(C) BISS-E:
• Most of the professional IRDs are equipped with BISS-E
internal de-scrambler.
– Mode-0 : No Encryption
– Mode-1 : Fixed Control Word (CW) derived from Clear
Session Word (SW) (12 Characters)
– Mode-E : Fixed Control Word derived from Encrypted Session
Word (ESW) (16 Characters)

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 BISS-E

14 ch

16 ch 12 ch

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DVB CI Module & Smart Card

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 What is PCMCIA

• The Personal Computer Memory Card International

Association (PCMCIA) is a standards body and trade
association that consists of more than 300 member
companies including manufactures of semiconductors,
connectors, peripherals and systems, as well as BIOS and
software developers and related industries. PCMCIA has
developed standards for the personal computer cards (PC
Cards). A PC Card is a small form-factor adapter for your
personal computer, personal communicator or other
electronic device. PC Cards are about the size and shape of
a credit card.

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 Calculation of Symbol Rate
To Calculate the Symbol Rate for QPSK configuration:

Symbol Rate= BR M symbols/sec

RSC*FEC*2
Where:
BR=Bit Rate
FEC=Forward error correction= Viterbi Code rate = ½, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, etc.
RSC= Reed Solomon Code Rate = 188
204
To Calculate the Symbol Rate for QAM configuration:

Symbol Rate= BR M symbols/sec

Reed_Solomon x QAM
Where:
BR= Bit Rate

Reed Solomon= 188

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QAM= 4 for QAM 16, 5 for QAM 32, 6 for QAM 64, 7 for QAM 128, or 8 for QAM
256.
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 How to save Channels in Scopus IRD
• IRD-2600/2800 Save Setups Instructions:
• 1. Go to "Config-->Decoder-->Stream-->Service ID Source" and verify/select
• "Stream PSI-SI Tables" [press "Enter" to select]
• 2. Select frequency, symbol rate etc… and verify the IRD is locked.
• 3. Select the service you want to store.
• 4. Go to "Main Menu-->Run-->Service [page down to the end] -->Store Decoded
• Service to 010 [select from 001-146] -->Press the "Enter Key" to Save.
• 4. Repeat 3 and 4 to store additional services.

• IRD-2600/2800 – Recall Saved Setups Instructions:

• 1. Go to "Config-->Decoder-->Stream-->[ page down until reaching ] Service
• ID Source, [then go one step to the right and one step down to select]
• "Pre Programmed Memory" --> Press the "Enter" key to select.
• Note: The IRD will re-initialize, wait till completed.
• 2. Go to "Main Menu--> Run --> Service [page down to] DVB Service >010
• [Select the number from 001-146, where the service was stored]
• 3. Repeat 2 to change the selected setup number.

• Tip: The front panel Left Arrow key is a direct shortcut to "DVB Service" menu.

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Front Panel Menu

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 Functional Model of MPEG-2
Transport Stream De-multiplexing

Elementary bit stream

for a program
PID 1
PID 2

PID n
System bit
stream Program
map PID

PID 0

Program map
Program association table

table
Dump other
transport packets

Obtain PIDs for

elementary bit
stream

Obtain program map PID Program

(PID of bit stream containing the Identity 84
program map table
 Digital Satellite System Block Diagram

Video Program
Coding multiplex
Transport Reed-
1 multiplex Solomon
Audio
204,188
Coding
Outer Inter- Inner Modulator
Data Code leaver code (QPSK)

Coding 2
N
Satellite Channel Adaptation

MPEG-2 source
coding and multiplex

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Control Cable Configuration

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IRD with ASI Loop through

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Thank You

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