Architecture

MANGOSAN, JAYSON R.
BSCE

Architecture
the art and method of erecting
structures

Architecture History
Roman architect Vitruvius in the 1st
Century AD made a good
definition of architecture in Latin:
utilitas, firmitas,and venustas

Architecture History
Sir Henry Wotton in the 17th Century
translated it as commodities,
firmness, and delights.

Architecture History
This definition of architecture provides
the following qualities:
1.It must have commodity or utilitarian
qualities;
2.Firmness, stability, and sound construction;
and
3.Delightful or attractive appearance.

Architecture History
Architecture is concerned with significant
structures such as castles, cathedrals and
churches, temples and major institutional
monuments.

Architecture History

Classical Greek architecture which

flourished in the 5th century B.C., had
its origins in the 6th century when stone
and then marble replaced wood in civil
buildings and temples. Greek
architecture is characterized by
harmony and symmetry.
The peak of Greek architecture and the
height of its refinement was achieve
during the 447-32 BC when they build
the building called Acropolis in
Athens, and the Parthenon.

ACROPOLIS

PARTHENON

Ancient Greeks
The ancients Greeks were the first noted
architects who built their temples for their
gods on a hill called the acropolis in Athens.
The Acropolis was erected with Mathematical
precision and aesthetic qualities. Distinct in the
temples are their columns which were held
together by bronze and iron clamps and no
cement was used. During this period, three
orders of columns evolved:

Doric order
This column had no base
with plain capital and the
shortest among the three
but the most massive was
with white flutes as in the
Parthenon.

Ionic order
This order is taller
and more slender
with a pair of spiral
capitals called the
VOLATE and had a
base.

Corinthian order
This column is the tallest,
most slender and most
ornate of the three. It has a
capital featuring curling
acanthus leaves and has a
base. The best example is
the Temple of Olympian
Zeus, 2nd Century B.C.

Ancient Egyptians
were believed to be pioneers
in architectural structures.
Their famous pyramids used
as tombs of the Pharaohs were
built as early as 2686 during
the Dynasties of the Old
Kingdom. Their stone temples
and monumental stones called
Obelisks have astronomical
and religious values.

OBELISK

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
By: Frank Lloyd Wright

a. Simplicity and repose are qualities that measure the value of

any work of art;
b. There should be as many styles as there are persons. Every
individual has a right to express his feelings in his own
environment;
c. A building should appear to grow easily from its site and be
shaped to harmonize with its surroundings if nature is
manifested there;
d. Colors require the same conventionalizing process to make
them fit to live with; use the soft, warm, optimistic tones of the
earth in preference to pessimistic blues, purples, and grays;
e. Bring out the nature of the materials; let their nature enter
intimately into your scheme. Strip the wood of varnish and let it
alone- stain it; and
f. A house that has a good character stands a good chance of
growing more valuable as it grows older, while a house in the
prevailing mode may soon grow out of style and stale. Buildings
like people must first be sincere and true, gracious and as lovable
as can be.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

POST AND LINTEL

- It consists of two vertical
posts for support (posts)
and a horizontal one
(lintel)
- It is generally used
for wooden buildings.
Most of our houses are
built on this principle
- Example: Parthenon
in Athens, Greece

ARCH
- It consists of separate pieces of wedge- shaped blocks called
VOUSSOIRS, arranged in a semi-circle.
- The KEYSTONE, which is the last set stone at top
center, locks the pieces together into a single curved
structure
- This form relies on a buttressing force from the sides to
counteract the outward thrust of the curve of the arch
- GROIN is formed by intersecting arches.
- DOME is a hemispherical roof resembling a ping pong
ball half and it is built on a framework formed by a series
of arches rising from consecutive points called DRUM.
http://www.arlington.k12.va.us/schools/drew/a&a/theromans.htm

groin

TRUSS
- It is a system of triangular
forms assembled into a rigid
framework and functioning
like beam or lintel
- It is employed in
bridges, assembly plants,
theaters,
and
gymnasiums where wide
spaces must be spanned
with very few interior
supports.

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION
- It employs
reinforced concrete
and steel.
- CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
makes use of
concrete poured
while still in its fluid
state into a hollow
bar

CANTILEVER
- It makes use of a beam or
slab extending horizontally
into space beyond its
supporting post, yet strong
enough to support walls
and floors.
- Steel and ferroconcrete are
ideal cantilever materials.
- It relies on the materials
resistance to breaking and
on the safe anchoring of its
support end

cantilever

TWO TYPES OF MEDIUM

STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
- refers to the ability of the
materials to support heavy
weights without crumbling
or breaking down
Concrete sample on
Universal Testing Machine

TENSILE
STRENGTH
-refers to the
ability of the
materials to be
pulled or
stretched without
breaking

ARCHITECTURAL MEDIA

STONE AND
BRICK
They can withstand
compression forces
without crushing
out of shape.

CONCRETE
It has a compressive
strength which
makes it ideal for
foundations.

STEEL
It has a tensile
strength which
makes it the best
supports for
suspension bridges

STRUCTURAL
STEEL
It has enabled the
architect to
overcome the
problems of space
and weight posed
by other materials

REINFORCED
CONCRETE
It combines the
compressive
strength of concrete
and the tensile
strength of steel

WOOD
It is one of the most
commonly used
materials for
houses.

TWO TYPES OF SURFACE TEXTURE OF

THE ARCHITECTURAL MEDIA

SMOOTH- SURFACED
MATERIALS
These materials lend
elegance to a building.
Examples are glass,
metals and marbles.
burj dubai

COARSE- TEXTURED
MATERIALS
These materials give a
sense of informality and
rusticity to a suburban
dwelling. Examples are
limestone and roughheron masonry, concrete,
bricks

3 gorges dam


INTERIOR DESIGN
It is concerned with the
selection of space and
furnishings to transform
an empty shell of a
building into a livable
area.

LANDSCAPING
It is the artificial
arrangement of
outdoor areas to
achieve purely
aesthetic effect

Other Info
A series of columns is called a colonnade.

A series of arches is called an arcade.

Architecture
The arch, vault,
and dome are
variations of the
same concept
that allowed for
greater height
and more space
inside a
building.

Architecture
Flying Buttress:
external arch that
counter-balanced the
outward thrust of the
high, vaulted ceilings.

http://www.m-w.com/mw/art/flyingbu.htm

Architecture
During the Industrial Revolution, many new
materials were developed: glass-- Crystal Palace
(1851)

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1158.htm