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Fisika Teknik
Taharuddin
chxtahar@unila.ac.id
Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1 Gd. Meneng
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
2012
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Introduction(1)
As a first step in studying classical mechanics,
we describe motion in terms of space and time
while ignoring the agents that caused that motion.
This portion of classical mechanics is called
kinematics. (The word kinematics has the same root
as cinema. Can you see why?) In this chapter we
consider only motion in one dimension. We first
define displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Then, using these concepts, we study the motion of
objects traveling in one dimension with a constant
acceleration.
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Introduction(2)
From everyday experience we recognize that
motion represents a continuous change in the
position of an object. In physics we are concerned
with three types of motion: translational, rotational,
and vibrational. A car moving down a highway is an
example of translational motion, the Earths spin on
its axis is an example of rotational motion, and the
back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an
example of vibrational motion. In this and the next
few chapters, we are concerned only with
translational motion.
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Introduction(3)
In our study of translational motion, we describe
the moving object as a particle regardless of its
size. In general, a particle is a point-like mass
having infinitesimal size. For example, if we wish to
describe the motion of the Earth around the Sun, we
can treat the Earth as a particle and obtain
reasonably accurate data about its orbit. This
approximation is justified because the radius of the
Earths orbit is large compared with the dimensions
of the Earth and the Sun.
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Resume
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As a final application of this principle of slope, consider the two graphs below.
Both graphs show plotted points forming a curved line. Curved lines have
changing slope; they may start with a very small slope and begin curving
sharply (either upwards or downwards) towards a large slope. In either case,
the curved line of changing slope is a sign of accelerated motion (i.e.,
changing velocity). Applying the principle of slope to the graph on the left, one
would conclude that the object depicted by the graph is moving with a
negative velocity (since the slope is negative ). Furthermore, the object is
starting with a small velocity (the slope starts out with a small slope) and
finishes with a large velocity (the slope becomes large). That would mean that
this object is moving in the negative direction and speeding up (the small
velocity turns into a larger velocity). This is an example of
negative acceleration - moving in the negative direction and speeding up. The
graph on the right also depicts an object with negative velocity (since there is
a negative slope). The object begins with a high velocity (the slope is initially
large) and finishes with a small velocity (since the slope becomes smaller). So
this object is moving in the negative direction and slowing down. This is an
example of positive acceleration.
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Observe the two cars below. The blue car starts ahead of"
the red car. (The red car actually starts off the screen.) Since
the red car is moving faster, it eventually catches up with
and passes the blue car. Observe the position-time graphs
for these two cars. The position-time plot of each car's
motion is depicted by a diagonal line with a constant slope.
This diagonal line is an indicator of a constant velocity. At the
time that the cars are side by side, the lines intersect. That
is, the two cars share the same position at that instant in
time. The lines would not intersect for a
velocity vs. time graph; there is never an instant in time in
which they share the same velocity. The two cars have the
same position at seven seconds; yet they never have the
same velocity at any instant in time
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In other words:
Pick two points on the line and determine their
coordinates.
Determine the difference in y-coordinates of these two
points (rise).
Determine the difference in x-coordinates for these two
points (run).
Divide the difference in y-coordinates by the difference
in x-coordinates (rise/run or slope).
The diagram below shows this method being applied to
determine the slope of the line. Note that three different
calculations are performed for three different sets of two
points on the line. In each case, the result is the same: the
slope is 10 m/s.
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If the velocity-time data for such a car were graphed, then the
resulting graph would look like the graph at the right. Note
that a motion described as a constant, positive velocity results
in a line of zero slope (a horizontal line has zero slope) when
plotted as a velocity-time graph. Furthermore, only positive
velocity values are plotted, corresponding to a motion with
positive velocity
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If the velocity-time data for such a car were graphed, then the
resulting graph would look like the graph at the right. Note
that a motion described as a changing, positive velocity
results in a sloped line when plotted as a velocity-time graph.
The slope of the line is positive, corresponding to the positive
acceleration. Furthermore, only positive velocity values are
plotted, corresponding to a motion with positive velocity.
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The velocity vs. time graphs for the two types of motion constant velocity and changing velocity (acceleration) - can be
summarized as follows.
The shapes of the velocity vs. time graphs for these two basic types
of motion - constant velocity motion and accelerated motion (i.e.,
changing velocity) - reveal an important principle. The principle is
that the slope of the line on a velocity-time graph reveals useful
information about the acceleration of the object. If the acceleration
is zero, then the slope is zero (i.e., a horizontal line). If the
acceleration is positive, then the slope is positive (i.e., an upward
sloping line). If the acceleration is negative, then the slope is
negative (i.e., a downward sloping line). This very principle can be
extended to any conceivable motion.
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Acceleration
Observe the animation of the three cars below. Use the
animation to answer the three questions. (If necessary, review
the definition of acceleration.)
1.Which car or cars (red, green, and/or blue) are undergoing
an acceleration? Study each car individually in order to
determine the answer.
2.Which car (red, green, or blue) experiences the greatest
acceleration?
3.Consider the position-time graph at the right. Each one of
the three lines on the position-time graph corresponds to the
motion of one of the three cars. Match the appropriate line to
the particular color of car.
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The Stoplight
A blue car moving at a constant speed of 10 m/s passes a red car that is at rest. This
occurs at a stoplight the moment that the light turns green. The clock is reset to 0
seconds and the velocity-time data for both cars are collected and plotted. The red car
accelerates from rest at 4 m/s/s for three seconds and then maintains a constant speed.
The blue car maintains a constant speed of 10 m/s for the entire 12 seconds. Observe
the motion and make meaning of the accompanying graphs to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the final velocity of a car that accelerates from rest at 4 m/s/s for three
seconds?
2. What is the displacement of each individual car after three seconds? (Consider a
kinematic equation or the area of the velocity-time graph.)
3. What is the slope of the line for the red car for the first three seconds?
4. What is the displacement of each individual car after nine seconds (use the area of
the velocity-time graph)?
5. Does the red car pass the blue car at three seconds? If not, then when does the red
car pass the blue car?
6. When lines on a velocity-time graph intersect, does it mean that the two cars are
passing by each other? If not, what does it mean?
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