Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 10
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
FOSTEM
INTI International University
dp
d
Velocity u at a radius r,
Equation (10.16) shows the variation of local fluid velocity u across the pipe.
This velocity profile may be seen to be parabolic. The negative sign is present due to
the fact that the pressure gradient will be negative in the flow direction.
Maximum velocity,
(10.16)
R 2 dp (10.17)
u max ( )
4 dx
( R 2 r 2 ) dp
Q [
]2rdr
4
dx
0
R
dp
Q
( R 2 r r 3 )dr
2 dx 0
Q
dp 4
R
8 dx
pd 4(10.19)
Q
128l
Velocity u at a radius r,
R 2 r 2 dp
u (
)
4 dx
(10.16)
R 2 dp (10.17)
( )
4 dx
Maximum velocity,
u max
pd 4 (10.19)
Q
128l
1
u u max
2
(10.20)
32l u
P (10.22)
d2
Example 10.2
Applying momentum equation to the fluid element in the flow direction yields,
p1A p2A olP + W sin = 0
Chezy formula:
Mean velocity,
v C mi
(10.29)
Darcy-Weisbach equation:
Head loss due to friction,
4flv 2
(10.30)
hf
2gd
4flv 2
hf
2gd
where f = friction factor which can be obtained from a Moody Chart.
v = mean velocity (m/s),
l = length of pipe (m), and d = diameter of pipe (m)
1. hf l;
2.
hf v2;
3.
hf l/d;
4.
5.
6.
hf is independent of pressure.
Head Loss or Friction head or Resistance head is due to the frictional forces
acting against a fluid's motion by the container.
Moody Chart
(for friction factor f)
Fig. 10.7: Variation of friction factor f with Reynolds number and pipe wall roughness
f = 0.079/Re1/4
3. At high Reynolds numbers, or pipes having a high (k/d) values, all the
roughness particles are exposed to the flow above the laminar sublayer.
This condition is represented on the Moody Chart by portions of the
(f versus Re) curves which are parallel to the Re axis.
Example 10.3
Chezy Formula
v (m/s)
C mi
(10.29)
For steady uniform flow, the slope of the energy line (i) is equal to the bed slope (S)
v C RS
where v = mean velocity (m/s)
C = Chezy's coefficient (L1/2T-1)
R = m = hydraulic radius = Area/Wetted perimeter (m)
S = bed slope
Discharge
(m3 /s)
Q AC
mi
(10.36)
Example 10.4
(m)
(b) Separation losses due to disturbance of the normal flow at pipe fitting such as
valve, bend, junction or sudden changes of section including pipe entry and exit.
These losses are conveniently expressed as energy loss in m (N-m/N), that is,
the head loss in terms of the fluid in the pipe, and related to the velocity head
(v2/2g) as,
v 2 (m)
h K
2g
Head loss
(m)h K v
2g
The End