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Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 10
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
FOSTEM
INTI International University

Steady and Uniform


Laminar flow in Circular Pipes

Incompressible fluid - density of the fluid is assumed to be constant


Steady flow - conditions such as velocity, depth, cross sections do
not change with time
Uniform flow - conditions do not change with space

Laminar flow: Re < 2000 (viscosity effect is significant)

Basic principles used are:


application of momentum equation
application of the shear stress - velocity gradient relationship
knowledge of the flow condition at the pipe wall

Steady and Uniform

Laminar flow in Circular Pipes

Fig. 10.4: Forces acting on an annular element in a laminar pipe flow

Applying momentum equation to the fluid element in the flow direction,

dp
d

p2rr p x 2rr 2 rdx [2 rx ( 2rdx )r ] W sin 0


dx
dr

Steady and Uniform

Laminar flow in Circular Pipes


R 2 r 2 dp
u (
)
4
dx

Velocity u at a radius r,

Equation (10.16) shows the variation of local fluid velocity u across the pipe.
This velocity profile may be seen to be parabolic. The negative sign is present due to
the fact that the pressure gradient will be negative in the flow direction.

The maximum velocity will occur on the pipe centreline, at (r = 0),

Maximum velocity,

(10.16)

R 2 dp (10.17)
u max ( )
4 dx

Steady and Uniform


Laminar flow in Circular Pipes
The incremental flow Q through an annular element of radial width r at
radius r across the flow from r = 0 to r = R will be,
Q = u2rr
Volume flow rate, Q = R u 2rdr
(10.18)

( R 2 r 2 ) dp
Q [
]2rdr
4

dx
0
R

dp
Q
( R 2 r r 3 )dr

2 dx 0
Q

dp 4
R
8 dx

In terms of a pressure drop, p over a length l of pipe of diameter d,


Volume flow rate,

pd 4(10.19)
Q
128l

Steady and Uniform


Laminar flow in Circular Pipes

Velocity u at a radius r,

R 2 r 2 dp
u (
)
4 dx

(10.16)

R 2 dp (10.17)
( )
4 dx

Maximum velocity,

u max

Volume flow rate,

Mean velocity of flow,

pd 4 (10.19)
Q
128l

1
u u max
2

(10.20)

Fig. 10.5: Velocity distribution in laminar flow in a circular pipe

Steady and Uniform


Laminar flow in Circular Pipes

Hagen-Poiseuile equation for pressure loss p (N/m2) in a pipeline,


of length l (m) and diameter d (m),
128lQ
P (10.21)
d 4
where = dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2) and Q = discharge (m3/s)
Since discharge, Q = A u = (d2/4) u,

32l u
P (10.22)
d2

Example 10.2

Steady and Uniform

Turbulent flow in Bounded Conduits

Fig. 10.6: Turbulent flow in a bounded conduit

Applying momentum equation to the fluid element in the flow direction yields,
p1A p2A olP + W sin = 0

Steady and Uniform

Turbulent flow in Bounded Conduits

Chezy formula:
Mean velocity,

v C mi

(10.29)

where C = Chezys roughness coefficient, m = hydraulic radius, i = energy slope

Darcy-Weisbach equation:
Head loss due to friction,

4flv 2
(10.30)
hf
2gd

where f = friction factor which can be obtained from a Moody Chart.


v = mean velocity (m/s),
l = length of pipe (m), and d = diameter of pipe (m)

Steady and Uniform


Turbulent flow in Circular Pipes
The head loss in turbulent flow in a pipe is given by the Darcy equation (10.30),

4flv 2
hf
2gd
where f = friction factor which can be obtained from a Moody Chart.
v = mean velocity (m/s),
l = length of pipe (m), and d = diameter of pipe (m)
1. hf l;
2.

hf v2;

3.

hf l/d;

4.

hf depends on the surface roughness of the pipe walls;

5.

hf depends on fluid density and viscosity;

6.

hf is independent of pressure.

Head Loss or Friction head or Resistance head is due to the frictional forces
acting against a fluid's motion by the container.

Moody Chart
(for friction factor f)

Fig. 10.7: Variation of friction factor f with Reynolds number and pipe wall roughness

The Moody Chart

Common reference for calculation of losses in turbulent pipe flow


Logarithmic plot of (f versus Re) for a range of (k/d) values
where k = roughness of surface of the pipe, d = diameter of the pipe

1. The straight line is labelled laminar flow.


f = 16/Re
2. For values of (k/d < 0.001) the curves approach the Blasius curve due to
the presence of the laminar sublayer.

f = 0.079/Re1/4
3. At high Reynolds numbers, or pipes having a high (k/d) values, all the
roughness particles are exposed to the flow above the laminar sublayer.
This condition is represented on the Moody Chart by portions of the
(f versus Re) curves which are parallel to the Re axis.

Laminar & Turbulent flows

Example 10.3

Steady and uniform


Turbulent flow in Open Channels

Chezy Formula

v (m/s)
C mi

(10.29)

where v = mean velocity (m/s)


C = Chezy's coefficient (L1/2T-1)
m = hydraulic radius = Area/Wetted perimeter (m)
i = slope of energy line

For steady uniform flow, the slope of the energy line (i) is equal to the bed slope (S)

v C RS
where v = mean velocity (m/s)
C = Chezy's coefficient (L1/2T-1)
R = m = hydraulic radius = Area/Wetted perimeter (m)
S = bed slope

Discharge

(m3 /s)
Q AC
mi

(10.36)

Example 10.4

A rectangular open channel has a width of 4.5 m and a slope of 1 vertical to


800 horizontal. Find the mean velocity of flow and the discharge when the
depth of water is 1.2 m and if C in the Chezy formula is 49.
Chezy formula:
mean velocity, v = C(mi)
D
i = S =1/800 and m = A/P
A = BD = 4.5x1.2 = 5.4 m2
P = 2D + B = 2x1.2 + 4.5 = 6.9 m
m = A/P = 5.4/6.9 = 0.783 m
Mean velocity
Discharge

V = 49(0.783/800) = 1.53 m/s


Q = AV = 5.4x1.53 = 8.27 m3 /s

Losses of energy in pipelines

Losses of energy in a pipeline are:


(a) Frictional resistance to flow
2
using Darcy equation h 4flv
f
2gd

(m)

(b) Separation losses due to disturbance of the normal flow at pipe fitting such as
valve, bend, junction or sudden changes of section including pipe entry and exit.

These losses are conveniently expressed as energy loss in m (N-m/N), that is,
the head loss in terms of the fluid in the pipe, and related to the velocity head
(v2/2g) as,
v 2 (m)
h K

2g

where K is the fitting loss coefficient.

Separation losses in Pipe flow

Separation losses in Pipe flow

Losses of energy in pipelines

Pipe fittings (valves)

Losses in pipe fittings, bends and at pipe entry


Table 10.2: Head loss coefficients for a range of pipe fittings

Head loss

(m)h K v

2g

The End

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