EQUALIZATION

Fundamentals of Equalization
Equalization used to describe any signal
processing operation that minimizes ISI
Two operation modes for an adaptive
equalizer:
Training and Tracking
Three factors affect the time spanning over
which an equalizer converges: equalizer
algorithm, equalizer structure and time rate
of change of the multipath radio channel
TDMA wireless systems are particularly well
suited for equalizers
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Block Diagram

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 Equalizer is usually implemented

baseband or at IF in a receiver
y( t ) x( t ) f ( t ) n ( t )
b

at

f*(t): complex conjugate of f(t)

nb(t): baseband noise at the input of
the equalizer
heq(t): impulse response of the
equalizer

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 If the channel is frequency selective, the

equalizer
enhances
the
frequency
components with small amplitudes and
attenuates the strong frequencies in the
received frequency response
For a time-varying channel, an adaptive
equalizer dis
t needed
y t heq t to track the channel
variations x t f t h t n t h t
eq

F f H eq f 1

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eq

 The above equation indicates that the

equalizer is an inverse filter of the
channel
If the channel is frequency selective the
equalizer
enhance
the
frequency
component with small amplitudes and
attenuates the strong frequencies in the
received frequency spectrum in order to
compensate the response.

Basic Structure of Adaptive Equalizer

Transversal filter with N delay elements,
N+1 taps, and N+1 tunable complex
weights
These weights are updated continuously
by an adaptive algorithm
The adaptive algorithm is controlled by
the error signal ek

Classification of Equalizer

Nonlinear Equalization--DFE
Non

linear
equalization
used
in
applications where channel distortion is
too severe for a linear equalizer to
handle
Basic idea : once an information symbol
has been detected and decided upon,
the ISI that it induces on future symbols
can be estimated and subtracted out
before detection of subsequent symbols
Can be realized in either the direct
transversal form or as a lattice filter
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 Consists of an
FFF (Feed Forward Filter)
FBF (Feedback Filter) called a noise
predictor
FBF is driven by decision on the output of
the detector and its coefficients can be
adjusted to cancel the ISI on the current
symbol from past detected symbols

Equalizer has N1+N2+1 taps in the feed

forward and N3 taps in the feed back filter
N
N
output can be expressed
as
*
d
C y Fd
3

n N1

k n

i 1

k i

The minimum mean square error a DFE

E e(n)

min

T
exp{
2

ln[

No
F (e

j T

) No

]d}

DFE

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EE 552/452 Spring 2007

Predictive DFE
Predictive DFE (proposed by Belfiore and Park)
Consists of an
FFF (Feed Forward Filter)
FBF (Feedback Filter) called a noise
predictor
Predictive DFE performs as well as conventional
DFE as the limit in the number of taps in FFF and
the FBF approach infinity
The FBF in predictive DFE can also be realized as
a lattice structure
The RLS algorithm can be used to yield fast
convergence
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Predictive DFE

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Adaptive Equalization
Equalization is related to previous frames.
Performance measures for an algorithm
Rate of convergence
Misadjustment
Computational complexity
Numerical properties
Factors dominate the choice of an equalization
structure and its algorithm
The cost of computing platform
The power budget
The radio propagation characteristics

 Three classic Equlizer algorithm

1 Zero Forcing ZF
2 Least Mean Square LMS
3 Recursive Least Square RLS

Zero Forcing Algorithm