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Oscillations
Oscillation
Types of Equilibrium
Springs
Hookes Law: The
FX = 0
x
x=0
Springs
FX = -kx
relaxed
position
FX > 0
x<0
Compressed
x
x=0
relaxed position
Stretched
FX < 0
x=0
x>0
a=0
x
+A
t
-A
a=0
Total Energy
2
At
equilibrium
point,
E
=
U
+
K
=
mv
1
o + 0
Total Energy
E1 = E2 = E3
kA2 = mvo2 = kx2 + mvx2
mvo2 = kA2
OR vo = (k/m) A
Energy in SHM
A mass
Energy in SHM
k A2 = m vm2
US
= (k/m) A
x
0
m
x=0
vo
t
v
t
a
Example #1
A mass on a spring oscillates back &
forth with simple harmonic motion of
amplitude A. At what points during
its oscillation is the magnitude of the
acceleration of the block biggest?
1. When x = +A or -A
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement)
3. The acceleration of the mass is
constant.
Example #2
A mass on a spring oscillates back &
forth with simple harmonic motion of
amplitude A. At what points during
its oscillation is the magnitude of the
potential energy (U) of the spring
biggest?
1. When x = +A or -A
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement)
3. Potential energy of the spring is
constant.
Example #3
x=0
x=A
Example #4
A mass on a spring oscillates back & forth with
simple harmonic motion of amplitude A. A plot
of displacement (x) versus time (t) is shown
below. At what points during its oscillation is
the total energy (K+U) of the mass and spring a
maximum? (Ignore gravity).
1. When x = +A or -A (i.e. max displacement)
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement)
3. The energy of the system is constant.
+A
t
-A
Example #5
A mass on a spring oscillates back & forth with
simple harmonic motion of amplitude A. A plot
of displacement (x) versus time (t) is shown
below. At what points during its oscillation is
the speed of the block biggest?
1. When x = +A or -A (i.e. max displacement)
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement)
3. The speed of the mass is constant
+A
t
-A
Example #6
A spring oscillates back and forth on a frictionless
horizontal surface. A camera takes pictures of the
position every 1/10th of a second. Which plot best
shows the positions of the mass.
(A)
EndPoint
Equilibrium
EndPoint
(B)
EndPoint
Equilibrium
EndPoint
(C)
EndPoint
Equilibrium
EndPoint
vo
m
x=-A
x=0
x=A
vo
m
x=-A
x=0
x=A
Total energy:
E = = mv = kA
2
o
vo
A y
OR vo = (k/m) A
vo = A = 2A/T = 2Af
vo = A = (k/m) A
OR = (k/m)
Also, vo = 2A/T = (k/m) A
OR
x=-A
m
x=0
x=A
T = 2 (m/k)
x
+A
T
T T
-A
Displacement
Velocity
v = -[A]sint
Acceleration
a = -[A2]cost
vo
vy = v0cos
vx = -v0sin
v
A
m
x=-A
x=0
x=A
T T T T
-A
vo = A
vx = -v0sin = (-A)sin = (-A)sint
a=0
Displacement x = [A]cos t
+A
t
A
Velocity v = -[A]sint
t
A2
Acceleration a = -[A2]cost
t
P10.25/28
The period of oscillation of an object in
an ideal spring-and-mass system is
0.50 s and the amplitude is 5.0 cm.
What is the speed at the equilibrium
point?
T = 0.5 s, A = 5.0 cm, vo = ?
vo = A, = 2/T, vo = (2/T)A
P10.42/49
A body is suspended vertically from an ideal spring
of spring constant 2.5 N/m. The spring is initially
in its relaxed position. The body is then released
and oscillates about its equilibrium position. The
motion is described by
y = (4.0 cm)sin[(0.70 rad/s)t]
What is the maximum kinetic energy of the body?
Kmax = mvo2
v = A, = 2/T, v = (2/T)A
Simple
Harmonic Oscillator
= 2 f = 2 / T
x(t) = [A] cos(t)
v(t) = -[A] sin(t)
a(t) = -[A] cos(t)
For
a Spring F = kx
amax = (k/m) A
A(k/m) A
= sqrt(k/m)
m
T 2
k
d = mg/k
Let this point be y=0
F = k(d-y) mg
= -k y
Same as horizontal! SHO
New equilibrium position y = d
FT
x
s
mgsin
m
mg
Types of Equilibrium
FT
L
x
s
mgsin
m
mg
#1
(A)
lengthened
(B) shortened
(C) need to know the period
T = 2(L/g)
#2
1,120 Hz
0.70 Hz
2.80 Hz
1.43 Hz
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