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Sandstones
Conglomerates
Breccia
Shale/mudstones
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formed
due to evaporation of saline
water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Organic rocks
Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under temperature
and pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.
CLASTIC ROCKS
formed from broken rock fragments weathered
and eroded by river, glacier, wind and sea
waves. These clastic sediments are found
deposited on floodplains, beaches, in desert and
on the sea floors.
solidify
Clastic rocks
GRAIN SIZE
Gravel
>256-2 mm
Boulder: >256mm
Cobble: 64-256 mm
Pebble: 4-64 mm
Granule: 2-4mm
Fine gravel
Sand
2- 0.062 mm
Silt
0.062-0.004 mm
Clay
<0.004 mm
Matrix:
is the finer grains
or material that
surrounds the
larger clasts. It
consist of either
clay, silt and sand.
Cement:
dissolved
substance
that bounds
the
sediments.
1. Calcareous
2. siliceous
Fine-gravel/
Granule
(size <4mm)
Sorting of the sediments also suggest the mode of deposition and transportation.
Long distance transport= well-rounded and well-sorted sediments,
Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains.
Also helps in knowing the energy conditions of the river.
RUDACEOUS ROCKS: made up of rounded or subrounded Pebbles and cobbles eg. conglomerate
IMPORTANCE
CONGLOMERATE
Cementation:
Cementing material is usually secondary Silica
(Siliceous cement), Calcium carbonate
(Carbonate cement), Iron rich (ferruginous
cement)
Cement itself to some extent is the source of
weakness in the sedimentary rocks
Because cementing material and the clastic
sediments
are
usually
of
different
composition, leading to heterogeneity in their
physical characteristics.
SANDSTONE:
Made up of sand grains dominantly of Quartz and
Feldspars, where quartz is highly resistive to
weathering
Cementation plays similar role in this rock as seen in
conglomerate
However, Siliceous cement are best and highly
desirable for CE purposes, also the ferruginous sst.
Quartz Sst.
Arkose (Feldspar)
Graywacke/lithic arenite
SHALE
Shale-fissile
Shales are made of fine well sorted silt and clayey sediments, where
normally one can expect high porosity and permeability.
CE IMPORTANCE
EVAPORITIC ROCKS
These rocks are formed within the a depositional basin
from chemical substances dissolved in the seawater or
lake water.
Gypsum
CaSO4.2H20
Halite
(NaCl)
is used
For production of Paper,
Soap
Detergents
Antiseptics
As chemical for dyeing etc.
GYPSUM:
CARBONATE ROCKS
Limestone:
Chalk
Sedimentary structures
Bedding is most imp.
Feature of a sed. Rock
Beds are usually > 1 cm
Laminae < 1 cm
Orientation of bedding
helps in knowing the
paleo-current direction
of the old rivers
GRADED BEDDING
Medium-coarse sandy
lithounit (cross stratified)
Cross-stratified sst.
Paleo-flow from
right to left
Sand Dunes
Typical cross stratification in
Ripple marks
Biogenic structures
Foot prints
Snake Trails
Mud cracks