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U07MH601- Sensors and Signal Processing

P.Kalaiselvan
Department of Mechatronics
Kumaraguru College of Technology
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h Data Acquisition conversion

h General Configuration
h Single and Multichannel data acquisition
h Digital filtering
h Data Logging
h Data Conversion
h Introduction to Digital Transmission system.
 INTRODUCTION

h A typical data acquisition system consists of

individual sensors with necessary signal conditioning
, multiplexing, data conversion, data handling and
associated transmission , storage, and display system.
9hat is an Data Acquisition System?
The collection of hardware and software
components that enables a computer to receive
physical signal.
ADC
Physical Signal
Sensor Conditioning
Digital Computer
Process Interface
Data Acquisition System
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DAQ !

 acts as the interface between the computer and
the environment being sampled or tested. It mostly functions
as a device that converts incoming analog signals into digital
signals so that a computer (PC) can interpret them. Other data
acquisition functionality includes:
h Analog Input/Output
h Digital Input/Output
h Counter/Timers
h Multifunction ± a mixture of analog, digital, and counter
operations on a single device
 The various general configuration include
h (a) Single channel
1. direct conversion
2. pre amplification and direct conversion
3. sample and hold & conversion
4. pre amplification sample and hold & conversion
5. pre amplification , signal conditioning
The signal conditioning option can include
(a) Ratio metric conversion period
(b) 9ide-dynamic range option
(c) Noise reduction option
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9ireless data acquisition systems can eliminate costly and
time consuming field wiring of process sensors.
These systems consist of one or more wireless transmitters
sending data back to a wireless receiver connected to a remote
computer.
9ireless transmitters are available for ambient temperature and
relative humidity, thermocouples, RTDs, pulse output sensors,
4 to 20 mA transmitters and voltage output transducers.
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Serial communication data acquisition systems are a
good choice when the measurement needs to be made
at a location which is distant from the computer.
There are several different communication standards,
RS232 is the most common but only supports
transmission distances up to 50 feet.
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The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a new standard for
connecting PCs to peripheral devices such as printers,
monitors, modems and data acquisition devices.
USB is ideal for data acquisition applicationsu
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Computer data acquisition boards plug directly into
the computer bus. Advantages of using boards are
speed (because they are connected directly to the bus)
and cost (because the overhead of packaging and
power is provided by the computer).
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Block Diagram & Essential Components
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 Data Logger
h A device that can read various types of electrical
signals and store the data in internal memory for later
download to a computer.
h Technically speaking, a data logger is any device that
can be used to store data. This includes many data
acquisition devices such as plug-in boards or serial
communication systems which use a computer as a
real time data recording system.
h Data loggers are available in various shapes and sizes.
 Choosing a Data Logger
h Input Signal
h Number of Inputs
h Size
h Speed/Memory
h Real Time Operation
 Data Logger Record Data

h The recording duration is dependent on the

memory capacity of the data logger and the
desired sample rate.
h As an example assume that a given data logger
can store 10,000 samples.
h If it is desired to record 2 samples every
minute, the data logger can run for 10,000/2 or
5,000 minutes(about 3.5 days).
 SINGLE CHANNEL DATA
ACQUISTION SYSTEM
h Consists of a signal conditioner followed by an
analog to digital (A/D) converter, performing
repetitive conversion at a free running , internally ±
determined rate.
h Output are in digital code words , including ³over-
range´ indication , polarity information and a ³status´
output to indicate when the output digits are valid.
h Digital panel meter(DPM) is well known example
Single channel Data Acquisition System

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A/D Converter Buffer

 
 

h Two major drawbacks in using
h First it is slow and BCD digital coding has to be
changed to binary , if the output is processed by
binary equipment.
h Second while free running the data from the A/D
converter is transferred to the interface register.
h For DC and low frequency signals,the converter is
often dual-slope type.
h Integrating time is chosen to be equal to the period of
the line frequency.
h For 50 Hz line supply the integrating time is 20ms
and the maximum conversion rate is around 20 to
30/second.
h If the full-scale voltage Vo is 10V the integrating time
is 20ms.
h The most popular type of converter is ³Successive
approximation ´ and its capable of high resolution
and high speed
h Higher speed are obtained by preceding the A/D
converter with a sample-hold.
h 9ith a high-level signal of 10V an 8-bit converter
(1/256) can produce 1-bit ambiguity when affected by
noise in the order of 40mV.
 Digital Filtering

h In signal processing, the function of a filter is to

remove unwanted parts of the signal, such as random
noise, or to extract useful parts of the signal, such as
the components lying within a certain frequency
range.
h At all stages, the signal being filtered is an electrical
voltage or current which is the direct analogue of the
physical quantity (e.g. a sound or video signal or
transducer output) involved.
h A digital filter uses a digital processor to perform
numerical calculations on sampled values of the
signal. The processor may be a general-purpose
computer such as a PC, or a specialized DSP (Digital
Signal Processor) chip.
h The analog input signal must first be sampled and
digitized using an ADC (analog to digital converter).
h Sampled values of the filtered signal, are output
through a DAC (digital to analog converter) to
convert the signal back to analog form.
h In a digital filter, the signal is represented by a
sequence of numbers, rather than a voltage or current.
Basic structure of a filter
Introduction to Digital
Transmission
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h Consists of two insulated copper wires: one for carrying signal
the other for ground reference
h Twisted together to decrease the crosstalk interference between
adjacent pairs in a cable

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h Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
 Most commonly used
 Cheaper than STP
h Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STP)
 Has a metal foil or braided-mesh covering that encases each
pair of insulated conductors
 Bulkier and more expensive

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h Analog
 Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
h Digital
 Use either analog or digital signals
 repeater every 2km or 3km
h Limited distance
h Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
h Limited data rate (100Mbps)
h Susceptible to interference and noise

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h Most common medium

h Often used in buildings for LAN
h For local area networks (LAN)
 10Mbps or 100Mbps
h Can carry both voice and data

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 Co-axial Cables
× Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors.
× The inner conductor is held inside an insulator with the other
conductor woven around it providing a shield.
× An insulating protective coating called a jacket covers the outer
conductor.
The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside
electrical signals.
× Typical impedance for co-axial cables are 75 ohm for cable TV ,
50 ohm for Ethernet.
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h Analog
 Amplifiers every few km
 Closer if higher frequency
 Up to 500MHz
h Digital
 Repeater every 1km
 Closer for higher data rates
h Less susceptible to interference and crosstalk than
twisted pair


 


h Most versatile medium

h Television distribution
 Ariel to TV
 Cable TV
h Long distance telephone transmission
 Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
 Being replaced by fiber optic
h Short distance computer systems links
h Local area networks



 Optical fiber
× Optical Fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can
carry information at frequencies in the visible light
spectrum .
× The typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow
strand of glass called the Core.
× Around the Core is a concentric layer of glass called
the Cladding. A typical Core diameter is 62.5 microns
(1 micron = 10-6 meters).
× Typically Cladding has a diameter of 125 microns.
Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting
of plastic, it is called the Jacket.
Optical fiber

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 Advantages and disadvantages

h Advantages:
 Higher bandwidth
 Less signal attenuation
 Less interference
 Resistance to corrosive materials
 Light weight
 More immune to tapping
h Disadvantages
 Expensive to install


 Guided transmission media summary
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