Chapter 3 Control Statements

Chapter 3 Control
Statements
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6
The boolean Type and

Operators
Often in a program you need to compare

two values, such as whether i is greater
than j. Java provides six comparison
operators (also known as relational
operators) that can be used to compare two
values. The result of the comparison is a
Boolean value: true or false.
boolean b = (1 > 2);
Comparison Operators
Operator Name
<
less than
<=
less than or equal to
>
greater than
>=
greater than or equal to
==
equal to
!=
not equal to
Boolean Operators
Operator Name
!
not
&&
and
||
or
exclusive or
Truth Table for

Operator !
p
!p
true
false
!(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.
false
true
!(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true.
Example
Truth Table for

Operator &&
p1
p2
p1 && p2
false
false
false
false
true
false
true
false
false
true
true
true
Example
(3 > 2) && (5 >= 5) is true, because (3 >
2) and (5 >= 5) are both true.
(3 > 2) && (5 > 5) is false, because (5 >
5) is false.
Truth Table for

Operator ||
p1
p2
p1 || p2
false
false
false
false
true
true
true
false
true
true
true
true
Example
(2 > 3) || (5 > 5) is false, because (2 > 3)
and (5 > 5) are both false.
(3 > 2) || (5 > 5) is true, because (3 > 2)
is true.
Truth Table for

Operator ^
p1
p2
p1 ^ p2
false
false
false
false
true
true
true
false
true
true
true
false
Example
(2 > 3) ^ (5 > 1) is true, because (2 > 3)
is false and (5 > 1) is true.
(3 > 2) ^ (5 > 1) is false, because both (3
> 2) and (5 > 1) are true.
The & and | Operators

&&: conditional AND operator
&: unconditional AND operator
||: conditional OR operator
|: unconditional OR operator
exp1 && exp2
(1 < x) && (x < 100)
(1 < x) & (x < 100)
The & and | Operators

If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)
How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?
(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?
10
Selection Statements
if Statements
switch Statements
Conditional Operators
11
Simple if Statements
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s);
}
Boolean
Expression
true
Statement(s)
(A)
false
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius *
PI;
System.out.println("The
area"
+ " for the circle of
radius "
+ radius + " is " +
false
area);
(radius >= 0)
}
true
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);
(B)
12
Note
Outer parentheses required
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {

System.out.println("i is an " +
+ "integer between 0 and 10");
}
(a)
Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single

statement
Equivalent
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))

System.out.println("i is an " +
+ "integer between 0 and 10");
(b)
13
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is
a common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a
compilation error or a runtime error, it is a
logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the nextline block style.
14
The if...else
Statement
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
true
Statement(s) for the true case
Boolean
Expression
false
Statement(s) for the false case
15
if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area for the
+ circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}
16
Multiple Alternative if
Statements
if (score >= 90.0)
grade = 'A';
else
if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else
if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else
if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
Equivalent
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
17
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0
The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
18
animation
The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
19
animation
The condition is true
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
20
animation
grade is C
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
21
animation
Exit the if statement
if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
22
Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause
in the same block.
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
Equivalent
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
else
(a)
(b)
23
Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding
statement. To force the else clause to
match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
}
else
This statement prints B.
24
TIP
if (number % 2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even = false;
(a)
Equivalent
boolean even
= number % 2 == 0;
(b)
25
CAUTION
if (even == true)
System.out.println(
"It is even.");
(a)
Equivalent
if (even)
System.out.println(
"It is even.");
(b)
26
switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid
status");
System.exit(0);
}
27
switch Statement Flow

Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers
break
Compute tax for married file jointly
break
Compute tax for married file separatly
break
Compute tax for head of household
break
status is 1
status is 2
status is 3
default
Default actions
Next Statement
28
switch Statement Rules

The switchexpression must
switch (switch-expression)
yield a value of char,
{
byte, short, or int
case value1:
type and must
always be enclosed
statement(s)1;
in parentheses.
break;
The value1, ..., and valueN
case value2:
must have the same data
type as the value of the
statement(s)2;
switch-expression. The
break;
resulting statements in the
case statement are

case valueN:
executed when the value in
statement(s)N;
the case statement
matches the value of the
break;
switch-expression. Note
default: statement(s)-forthat value1, ..., and valueN
default;
are constant expressions,
}
meaning that they cannot
contain variables
the
Liang, Introductionin
to Java
Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
expression, such as 1 + rights
x. reserved. 0-13-222158-6
29
switch Statement Rules

The keyword break is
optional, but it should be
used at the end of each
case in order to terminate
the remainder of the switch
statement. If the break
statement is not present,
the next case statement
will be executed.
The default case, which is

optional, can be used to
perform actions when
none of the specified cases
matches the switchexpression.
switch (switch-expression)
{
case value1:
statement(s)1;
break;
case value2:
statement(s)2;
break;
case valueN:
statement(s)N;
The case statements
are executed in
break;
sequential order, but the order of the
default: statement(s)-forcases (including the default case) does
default;
not matter.
However, it is good
programming
style to follow the logical
}
sequence of the cases and place the

default case at the end.
30
animation
Trace switch statement
Suppose ch is 'a':
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
System.out.println(ch);
31
animation

ch is 'a':
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
32
animation

Execute this line
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
33
animation

Execute this line
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
34
animation

Execute this line
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
35
animation

Execute next statement
switch
case
case
case
}
(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':
{
Next statement;
36
animation
Suppose ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
37
animation

ch is 'a':
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
38
animation

Execute this line
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
39
animation

Execute this line
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
40
animation

Execute next statement
switch (ch) {
break;
break;
}
Next statement;
41
Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2
Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
42
Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + is even);
else
System.out.println(num + is odd);
System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + is even :
num + is odd);
43
JDK 1.5
Feature
Formatting Output
Use the new JDK 1.5 printf statement.

System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and
format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item
should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins
with a percent sign.
44
Frequently-Used
Specifiers
JDK 1.5
Feature
Specifier Output
Example
%b
a boolean value
true or false
%c
a character
'a'
%d
a decimal integer
200
%f
a floating-point number
45.460000
%e
a number in standard scientific notation
4.556000e+01
%s
a string
"Java is cool"
int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);
display
count is 5 and amount is 45.560000

45
Creating Formatted
Strings
System.out.printf(format, item1, item2, ..., item k)
String.format(format, item1, item2,
..., itemk)
String s = String.format("count is %d and amount is
%f", 5, 45.56));
46
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) 1?
47
Operator Precedence
var++, var-+, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var

(type) Casting
! (Not)
*, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
+, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
<, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
==, !=; (Equality)
& (Unconditional AND)
^ (Exclusive OR)
| (Unconditional OR)
&& (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
|| (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
48

Chapter 3 Control Statements

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Chapter 3 Control Statements

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Chapter 3 Control

The boolean Type and

Often in a program you need to compare

less than or equal to

greater than or equal to

Truth Table for

!(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.

!(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true.

Truth Table for

Truth Table for

Truth Table for

The & and | Operators

The & and | Operators

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {

Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))

Statement(s) for the true case

Statement(s) for the false case

if (score >= 90.0)

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

if (score >= 90.0)

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

This statement prints B.

switch Statement Flow

Compute tax for single filers

Compute tax for married file jointly

Compute tax for married file separatly

Compute tax for head of household

switch Statement Rules

case statement are

switch Statement Rules

The default case, which is

sequence of the cases and place the

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Trace switch statement

Use the new JDK 1.5 printf statement.

a number in standard scientific notation