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Thermofluids 1

Buoyancy & Stability


Lecture 8

Dr. Ghazi Droubi


m.g.droubi@rgu.ac.uk

Recap
We have looked last lecture at

Hydrostatic force on a submerged


curved surface

Hydrostatic force on a submerged


curved surface
Horizontal component, FH = FX
Vertical component, FV = FY + W

(Vector addition)

where W = gV: is the weight of the enclosed liquid block of volume


V and acts downward through the centroid of this volume.
The magnitude of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on
the curved surface,
FR =

FV

Tan = F V / FH

The location of the line of action of the resultant force can be


determined by taking moments about an appropriate point.

Buoyancy Forces
The altitude of a hot air
balloon is controlled by the
temperature difference
between the air inside and
outside the balloon, since
warm air is less dense than
cold air.
When the balloon is neither
rising nor falling, the upward
buoyant force exactly
balances the downward
weight.

Buoyancy forces
Buoyancy
As the pressure in a fluid increases with depth, the fluid
exerts a resultant upward force on any body immersed
in it.
Consider a cylinder submerged in water:
Buoyancy = total vertical force exerted on the body due to
pressure

Free surface

FTOP

Pressure force on the top surface

FTOP PTOP A ghA

Pressure force on the bottom surface

FBOTTOM PBOTTOM A g ( h L) A

FBottom
A=area

Buoyancy forces

Total pressure force or net upward force:

Buoyant Force FBOTTOM FTOP


f g(h L)A f ghA
f gLA

Free surface

FTOP

f gV

That is:

Fb f gVbody

Or in words

Buoyancy force = (density of fluid) x g x (Volume


of subject body)

FBottom
A = Area

Buoyancy forces
Buoyancy
The formula derived for a cylinder is applicable for any
shape:

Fb f gVbody
The buoyant force acting on a body is equal
to the weight of the liquid displaced by the
body.
The buoyant force is independent of:
a) the distance of the body from the free surface;
b) the density of the solid body.

FCED

D
F
FCFD

Buoyancy forces
Archimedes Principle

A body experiences an up thrust (force)


equal to the weight of fluid displaced
The up thrust acts through the centroid
of the displaced volume

Archimedes Principle
Floats/Sinks?
Maximum Buoyancy Force

fluid gVdrum

Weight

M drum g drumVdrum g

Drum Floats:

Weight Bouyancy

drum fluid

Example

A Hot-Air Balloon has a volume of 1000m3, If the


surrounding air has a density of 1.21 kg/m3, what is
the buoyancy force?

1.
2.
3.
4.

I need more info!


11.87 kN
11.87 x 103 kN
None of the
above

A Hot-Air Balloon has a volume of 1000m3, If the


surrounding air has a density of 1.21 kg/m3, what is
the buoyancy force?

Buoyancy forces (cont.)

What is the buoyancy force on a body only partly immersed in the


liquid?

Fb gV
where V is the volume of
the part of
the body immersed in the
liquid.
The weight of the entire body must be equal to the buoyant force.
i.e.
FB = W

Buoyancy forces (cont.)


FB = W f g Vsub = body g Vtotal

The submerged volume fraction


of a
floating body is equal to the ratio
of
the average density of the body
to v
body
sub
of the fluid.
the density

total

Archimedes Principle
Example Question

M drum 250kg

How deep in the water does the


drum float?
Alternatively what is h?

sw 1020 kg m

H 1m

D 0.8m

How deep in the sea water does the


drum float?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

0.488 m
1m
0.122 m
0.497 m
It sinks!
None of the above

Archimedes Principle
Example Question

M drum 250kg

H 1m

D 0.8m

Check your understanding

Consider two 5-cm-diameter sphere balls one made of steel, the other
wood submerged in water.
Will the buoyancy force acting on these two balls be the same or different?
Why?
Will the buoyancy force change if the balls are submerged in oil?
Fb

Fb

Wood

Steel

W
W

Worked example

A steel ball of 10cm-in-diameter submerged in water is hanging with a string


from top. Calculate the tensile force in the string. (The density of steel is
7800kg/m3.)

Vbody

4
4
0.1
R 3 3.14

3
3
2

5.23 10 4 m 3

water
FS

Fb

Is it Stable?

Stability
Stable?

Terminology:
Centre of Buoyancy
Centre of Gravity
Stable Equilibrium

c.g.
c.b.

Neutral Equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium
Metacentre
Metacentric Height

Stability of Submerged Objects


Stable Equilibrium
B

Rotation
G

Restoring Moment = Wx
G below B

Stability of Submerged Objects


Neutral Equilibrium

B@G

Rotation
G

Stability of Submerged Objects


Unstable Equilibrium

Overturning Moment = Wx
G above B

B
Rotation

G
x

W
B

Stability of Floating Bodies


Metacentric Height

The Metacentre is the point where the line of action of


the up-thrust intersects the original vertical line through
the centre of buoyancy and the centre of gravity.
The restoring or overturning moment is

W .GM . sin
GM = metacentric height
When is small:

W .GM .

Stability of Floating Bodies

Metacentric Height
W

GM

M Above G therefore Stable

Stability of Floating Bodies


Metacentric Height
W

M Below G
therefore
Unstable

Stability of Floating Bodies

Stable?

Metacentre
c.g.
c.b.

Summar
y
We have looked today at:

Buoyancy force
Stability of submerged and floating
bodies
Next lecture
Rigid body motion

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