BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IV

STEEL

1. Pure form of Iron, containing carbon up to a maximum limit of

1.5%
2. Steel becomes harder and tougher as its carbon content
increases.
3. Steel is in intermediate stage between Cast Iron ( carbon
content 2-4%) and wrought iron (carbon content not more
than (.15%)
4. Cast iron is suitable to resist only compressive stresses, while
wrought iron is of fibrous nature and is suitable to resist
tensile stresses.
5. Steel is equally strong in compression as well as in tension.
6. Carbon is the principal constituent which controls the
properties of steel. In case elements like tungsten, nickel,
chromium etc are alloyed to steel to obtain desired qualities,
its called alloyed steel otherwise its known as plain carbon
steel.
7. Depending upon the chemical composition, different types of
steel are classified as (1) mild steel (2) medium carbon steel
(3) high carbon steel (4) low alloy steel and (5) high alloy
steel.

STEEL SECTIONS

STEEL

Steel frame work comprises of :

Flexural members : beams and girders
Tension members : ties
Compression members : columns, struts
Elements in foundation
Structural steel girders, beams and columns are used to
construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from 1
storey buildings to sky scrapers. Because structural steel is
difficult to work on site its normally cut, shaped and drilled in a
fabrication shop according to design specifications.
As steel can loose strength rapidly in a fire, fire rated assemblies
or coatings are required to qualify as fire resistive construction.
In exposed conditions corrosion resistance is also required.

TYPICAL MEMBERS

STANDARD SECTIONS

Methods of connection : 1. Riveted connections

2. Welded connections
3. Bolted connections

Riveted Connections : Riveting is a

procedure that involves heating
rivets to red-hot and then
pounding them into lined-up
holes. The strength of rivets is
marginal and it is very laborintensive and dangerous. Today
they are not used because of the
low strength of rivets, higher
installation costs and the inherent
inefficiency of the connection.

WELDED CONNECTIONS
Welding is a procedure that
involves fusing two pieces of steel
together by melting a sacrificial
flux electrode to two pieces,
thereby
joining
the
pieces
permanently together. Welded
connections have the advantage
that no holes need to be drilled in
the member and consequently
have higher efficiencies. However,
welding in the field may be
difficult,
costly,
and
time
consuming. Welded connections
are also susceptible to failure by
cracking under repeated cyclic
loads.

WELDED CONNECTIONS
They have some distinct advantages over
bolted connections including:
Welded joints are more rigid than bolted joints
Can directly connect pieces without the need for connection
plates
Welds do not create holes in member (i.e., no need to check
fracture on net area)
Can join odd-shaped pieces together
Welds also have some disadvantages which may preclude their
use,
including:
Welds are brittle, not ductile like bolted connections
Very labor intensive
Skilled labor required
Quality control is difficult to inspect
Potential fire hazard in areas of welding

TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS

Fillet Weld : This type of weld
joins 2 pieces with flat faces
at 90 degree angles.

Butt Weld : These welds are

used to join plates at their
edges and the weld metal
fills the gap between them.

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
A bolt may be defined as a
metal pin with a head at one
end and a shank threaded at
the other
end to receive a nut .Steel
washers are usually provided
under the bolt as well as
under the nut.

CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTION
FOUNDATION

DETAILS

AT

CONNECTION DETAILS

Connection detail
between 2 cross
beams

Connection detail
between a girder and

Connection detail
between 2 cross
girders and a column

Connection detail between 2