LTE Deep Concept

Expert Preparation

Part-1
Yoyok Dwi Parindra
yoyokdp@gmail.com

States in UTRAN, GERAN, E-UTRA

The following transitions are supported:
LTE
Handover

CELL_DCH

E-UTRA
RRC_CONNECTE
D

GSM_Connected
Handover

CCO with optional NACC

CELL_FACH
Connection Establishment/
Connection Release
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH

GPRS_
Packet_Transfer

CCO, Reselection
Connection Establishment/
Connection Release

Reselection

Connection Establishment/
Connection Release
UTRA_IDLE

Reselection

E-UTRA
RRC_IDLE

CCO
Reselection

GSM_Idle
GPRS_Packet_Idl
e

EMM & ECM States Transitions

Power On

Registration (Attach)
Allocate S-TMSI
Allocate IP address + default bearer
Authentication
Establish security context
EMM_Deregistered
ECM_Idle

Release due to
Inactivity
Release RRC + S1 connection
Configure DRX for paging
eNB initiated (inactivity timer)

EMM_Registered

EMM_Registered

ECM_Connected

ECM_Idle

Deregistration (Detach)
Change PLMN
Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
UE, MME or HSS initiated

New Traffic
Activate RRC + S1 connection

Timeout of Periodic TA
Update

Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses

Mobility Management States

Definition of main EPS Mobility Management states
EMM-DEREGISTERED
o The UE is not reachable by a MME.
o UE context can still be stored in the UE and MME
EMM-REGISTERED
UE enters to EMM-Registered with Attach or Tracking Area Update procedure
The UE location is known with accuracy of the tracking area list
UE has at least one active PDN connection
After detach procedure the state is changed to EMM-DEREGISTERED

EMM states in UE
Detach
Attach reject
TAU Reject
All Bearer Deactivated
EMM-DEREGISTERED
Attach accept

EMM-REGISTERED

EMM states in MME

Detach
Attach reject
TAU Reject
All Bearer Deactivated
EMM-DEREGISTERED

EMM-REGISTERED

Attach accept
TAU Accept

Connection Management States

Definition of EPS Connection Management states
ECM-IDLE
o No NAS signaling connection between UE and network exists.
o In the EMM-REGISTERED and ECM-IDLE state, the UE shall perform TAU, Periodic TAU, Service Request,

Answer to paging form MME with Service UE and MME enter the ECM-CONNECTED state when signaling
connection is established.
ECM-CONNECTED
o UE location is known in the MME with an accuracy of a serving eNodeB.
o There exists a signaling connection between the UE and the MME.
o The S1 release procedure changes the state at both UE and MME from ECM-CONNECTED to ECM-IDLE.

ECM states in UE

ECM states in MME

RRC Released
ECM-IDLE

ECM-CONNECTED
RRC Established

S1 Released
ECM-IDLE

ECM-CONNECTED
S1 Established

Cell Search (1/2)

1. PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

Remember?
What are all the steps and the
physical channels involved ?

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronization

+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

(Frame synchronization
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements

eNodeB

4. PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

(MIB DL system bandwidth, PHICH configuration)

MIB = Master Information Block

PHICH = Physical HARQ Indicator Channel

UE

Cell Search (2/2)

5. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)

6. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Resource allocation for PDSCH )

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(SIBs: Cell global ID, parameters for cell
selection / reselection, )

eNodeB
CELL SELECTION & RESELECTION
SIB: System Information Block

UE

Random Access (1/2)

8. PRACH preamble (A)
(A 1st random preamble*)

.
.
.
8. PRACH preamble (C)
(C 3rd random preamble)

UE
eNodeB
Challenge:
Several UEs may send the same preamble. How to solve the
collision ?
Solution:
contention resolution

* 64 Random Access Preamble Signatures available

per Cell

Random Access (2/2)

response to RACH Preamble on PDSCH

9. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
10. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Resource allocation for PDSCH)

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

eNodeB

(Random Access response: ID of the received

preamble, C-RNTI)

C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity

UE

Contention Resolution for the Initial Access

several UE with same
RACH Preamble Signature
getting same UL grant
collision with RRC
Connection Request

8. PRACH Preamble

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response: ID of received preamble,
UL resources for TX*, C-RNTI)

12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI,
TMSI or random number)

eNodeB

TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber

Identity

UE

13. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Contention Resolution, C-RNTI & TMSI or All other UEs not receiving correct
random number)
answer (TMSI)
* UL grant PUSCH resources

restart Random Access (8)

What are the Next Steps?

The random access procedure is successfully finished
Next steps:
- RRC Connection Establishment
- Registration
- UE-CN signaling (Attach)
Higher layer signaling -> not shown here

eNodeB

UE

Now I am connected so I can

download the web page
from the Internet.
www.fastconn.org

DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals

Channel Estimate / CQI

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

Note:
CQI along with
data
PUSCH

(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of the

sub-frame are for PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(DL assignment for PDSCH: Modulation & coding,
resource blocks*)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

eNodeB
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request

(user data initial transmission)

6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(user data eventual re-transmission)
* Physical Resource Allocation

UE

UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request*)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Reference Signal
(UL channel estimation, demodulation like DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(UL grant capacity allocation)
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(user data initial transmission)

eNodeB
DPCCH = Dedicate Physical
Control Channel
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request

UE

6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(user data eventual re-transmission)
* scheduling request only needed for applications with QoS like best effort

Idle Mode Mobility

Idle Mode LTE Overview

Intra LTE Cell Reselection
Abs Priority
Priority ::
Abs
66

LTE TDD 2300 MHz 1st Carrier

qRxlevmeas < qRxlevmin+ sNonIntrsearch

Abs Priority
Priority ::
Abs
55

qRxLevMeas (ServingCell) < threshServLow

qRxlevmeas (NonServingCell) > qRxlevminInterF +
interFrqThrL
interTResEut

LTE TDD 2300 MHz 2nd Carrier

qRxlevmeas < qRxlevmin+ sNonIntrsearch

qRxlevmeas (NonServingCell) > qRxlevminInterF + interFrqThrH
interTResEut

Abs Priority
Priority ::
Abs
44

LTE FDD 850 MHz (2443)

LTE Cell Reselection to Lower Priority LTE Frequency

LTE Cell Reselection to Higher Priority LTE Frequency

* UE Preferred camping on LTE 1st Carrier

Idle Mode
Cell Selection & Reselection
a dBm

b dBm

ddBm

e dBm

When RSRP < -106 dBm UE

starts to measure on LTE
(InterFrequency Neighbour)

When RSRP < -62 dBm

UE starts to measure
intra-freq neighbours

interFrqThrL interFrqThrL
(FDD)
(TDD)

sIntrasearch

threshSrvLow

sNonIntrsearch

qrxlevmin (Used by Serving Cell)

qrxlevmininterF (Used By Neigh Cell)

c dBm

Reselection to other intra LTE cell will

happen:
1. When neighbor is 3dB better than
serving
2. For a time
LNCEL:tReselEutr = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since
the UE camped in the currrent cell

c dBm

Reselection to LTE Inter cell will

happen:
1. When serving is below -ddBm
AND LTE neighbours RSRP is
better than -c dBm
2. For a time
IRFIM:intertResEut = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed
since the UE camped in the
current cell

Connected Mode Mobility

Connected Mode LTE Overview

EarfcnDl ::
EarfcnDl
39050
39050

TDD

TDD

TDD

EarfcnDl ::
EarfcnDl
39200
39200

TDD

TDD

TDD

FDD

FDD

FDD

EarfcnDl ::
EarfcnDl
2443
2443

FDD

Intra Cell Handover

Inter Frequency Handover (IFHO)

FDD

Connected Mode
Intra and Inter-frequency Handovers

Trigger: RSRP below Thresholdx

Threshold1

Threshold2InterFreq

a dBm

b dBm

UE measure
intra Frequency
Neighbors

Only Serving
Cell
Measurement

Threshold3
c dBm

UE stops to
measure inter
Frequency
Neighbors

UE measure
inter Frequency
Neighbors

f dBm

Threshold2a

UE perform HO
Neighbor

Threshold4
e dBm

UE perform HO
to inter Freq
Neighbor

g dBm
h dBm
Threshold3a Threshold3aInterFreq

Trigger: RSRP above Thresholdxa

Confidential

Threshold3InterFreq
d dBm

RRC Release
with Redirect

LTE RRM: Power Control (1/6)

Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference & power
consumption
Downlink:

There is no adaptive or dynamic power control in DL but semi-static power

setting

eNodeB gives flat power spectral density (dBm/PRB) for the scheduled
resources:
The power for all the PRBs is the same
If there are PRBs not scheduled that power is not used but the power of the
remaining scheduled PRBs doesnt change:
Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled. If only 1/2 of the
PRBs are scheduled the Tx power is 1/2 of the Tx power max ( i.e. Tx
power max -3dB)

Semi-static: PDSCH power can be adjusted via O&M parameters

Cell Power Reduction level CELL_PWR_RED [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB
steps

Power Control (2/6) Downlink Power Boosting for Control Channels

Offsets determine power shifts for subcarriers which carry PCFICH/PHICH or cell-specific
Reference Signal (and PRS)

Benefits:
Better PCFICH detection avoids throughput
degradation due to lost subframes
Higher reliability of PHICH avoids
unnecessary retransmissions causing
capacity degradation and additional UE
power consumption
Better channel estimation avoids throughput
degradation and improves HO performance
Cons:
Small degradation on PDSCH subcarriers:
Subcarrier power boosting only allowed if
the excess power is withdrawn from the
remaining subcarriers

Example of Reference Signals

power boosting

Power Control (4/6)

Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power
consumption
Uplink:
UL PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control & Closed Loop Power Control:

PPUSCH (i ) min{ PCMAX ,10 log 10 ( M PUSCH (i )) P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i ) f (i )}[dBm ]

Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback are TCP commands send
via PDCCH to instruct the UE to increase or decrease its Tx power

UL Power control is Slow power control:

No need for fast power control as in 3G: if
UE Tx power was high it incremented the
co-channel for other UEs.
In LTE all UEs resources are orthogonal in
frequency & time

TPC: Transmit Power Control

Power Control (5/6)

Uplink (cont.):
UL PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control & Closed Loop Power Control:

PPUSCH (i ) min{ PCMAX ,10 log 10 ( M PUSCH (i )) P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i ) f (i )}[dBm ]

PCMAX: max. UE Tx power according to UE power class; e.g. 23dBm for class 3

MPUSCH: # allocated PRBs. The UE Tx Power is increased proportionally to the # of allocated RBs.
Remaining terms of the formula are per RB

P0_PUSCH: eNB received power per RB when assuming path loss 0 dB. Depends on

: Path loss compensation factor. Three values:

= 0, no compensation of path loss
= 1, full compensation of path loss (conventional compensation)
{ 0 ,1 } , fractional compensation
PL: DL Path loss calculated by the UE
Delta_TF: increases the UE Tx power to achieve the required SINR when transmitting a large number of
bits per RE. It links the UE Tx power to the MCS.

Conventional & Fractional Power Control (6/6)

Conventional PC schemes:

Attempt to maintain a constant SINR at the receiver

UE increases the Tx power to fully compensate for increases in the path loss

Fractional PC schemes:

Allow the received SINR to decrease as the path loss increases.

UE Tx power increases at a reduced rate as the path loss increases. Increases in path
loss are only partially compensated.

[+]: Improve air interface efficiency & increase average cell throughputs by reducing
Intercell interference

3GPP specifies fractional power control for the PUSCH with the option to disable it & revert to
conventional based on

Conventional Power
Control: =1
If Path Loss increases by
10 dB the UE Tx power
increases by 10 dB

UL
SIN
R

UL
SIN
R

UE Tx
Power

UE Tx
Power

Fractional Power
Control: { 0 ,1}
If Path Loss increases
by 10 dB the UE Tx
power increases by <
10 dB

LTE Power Control Calculation

Good sample calculation from Ramadhian Tasha.
This calculation coming from below formula, lets discuss..
PPUSCH (i ) min{ PCMAX ,10 log 10 ( M PUSCH (i )) P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i ) f (i )}[dBm ]

Microsoft Excel
Worksheet

Below Huawei Slide of LTE Interworking Telkomsel Project.

Microsoft
PowerPoint Presentation