Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diversity of Life
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Evolution
Nothing in
biology makes
sense EXCEPT
in the light of
evolution.
Theodosius
Dobzhansky
2
Charles Darwin in later years
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History of
Evolutionary
Thought
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Linnaeus 1st to
group similar
organisms and
assign them Latin
names
Two word name
(Genus species)
Known as Binomial
nomenclature
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Contributors to Darwins
thinking included:
Contributors to Darwins
thinking included:
Evolutionary Timeline
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Catastrophism
Idea
Catastrophism
Stated that
species disappear
due to a
catastrophic
event of the
earths crust
(volcano,
earthquake)
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10
Huttons Theory of
Geological Change
James
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Huttons Theory of
Geological Change
Changes
in
Earths crust due
to slow
continuous
processes
Idea Known as
Gradualism
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12
Charles Lyell
Proposed theory of
Uniformintarianism
Geological processes
at uniform rates
building & wearing
down Earths crust
Proposed that the
Earth was millions of
years instead of a
few thousand years
old
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13
Principles of Geology
Published by Lyell Just Before The
Beagle Set Sail & read by Darwin
Explained Geological Processes
That Shaped The Earth
Helped Darwin Understand Sea
Shells In The Andes Mountains At
12,000+ Feet
Expanded Earths Age
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14
Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
1809
One Of First Scientists
To Understand That
Change Occurs Over Time
Stated that Changes Are
Adaptations To
Environment acquired in
an organisms lifetime
Said acquired changes
were passed to offspring
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15
Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
Idea called Law
of Use and
Disuse
If a body part
were used, it
got stronger
If body part
NOT used, it
deteriorated
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16
Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
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17
Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
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Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
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20
Lamarcks Theory of
Evolution
Tendency Toward Perfection
Organisms Are Continually Changing
and Acquiring Features That Help
Them Live More Successfully In
Their Environment
Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To
Fly So They Tried Until Wings
Developed
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21
Lamarcks Mistakes
Lamarck
22
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25
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Darwin returned
5 years later in 1836 26
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27
Very
Different Climates
Animals On Islands Unique
Tortoises
Iguanas
Finches
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29
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31
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32
Darwins Observations
& Conclusions
The Struggle for
Existence
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Darwins Observations
Patterns of
Diversity were
shown
Unique Adaptations
in organisms
Species Not Evenly
Distributed
Australia,
Kangaroos, but No
Rabbits
S. America,
Llamas
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35
Darwins Observations
Both
Living
Organisms &
Fossils collected
Fossils included:
Trilobites
Giant Ground
Sloth of South
America
This species NO longer existed.
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cmassengale to them?
What had
happened
36
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37
Definition
Evolution is
the slow ,
gradual
change in a
population of
organisms
over time
copyright cmassengale
38
Darwins Observations
Left unchecked, the
number of organisms of
each species will increase
exponentially, generation
to generation
In nature, populations tend
to remain stable in size
Environmental resources
are limited
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39
Darwins Conclusion
Production of more
individuals than can be
supported by the
environment leads to a
struggle for existence
among individuals
Only a fraction of
offspring survive each
generation
Survival of the Fittest
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40
Darwins Observations
Individuals of a
population vary
extensively in their
characteristics with
no two individuals
being exactly alike.
Much of this
variation between
individuals is
inheritable.
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41
Darwins Conclusion
Individuals who
inherit
characteristics most
fit for their
environment are
likely to leave more
offspring than less
fit individuals
Called Natural
Selection
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42
Darwins
Theory
of
Evolution
The unequal ability of individuals to
survive and reproduce leads to a gradual
change in a population, with favorable
characteristics accumulating over
generations (natural selection)
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43
New species evolve
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44
Population Growth
Thomas
Malthus, 1798
Economist
Observed Babies Being Born
Faster Than People Were Dying
Population size limited by
resources such as the Food
Supply
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45
Influence:
Food
Living Space
Mates
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46
Population Growth
47
Population Growth
Darwin Realized
Malthuss Principles
Were Visible In
Nature
Plants & Animals
Produce Far More
Offspring Than Can Be
Supported
Most Die
If They Didnt Earth
Would Be Overrun
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48
Darwins Theory of
Evolution
Organisms Change Over Time
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49
Darwin proposed
that organisms
descended from
common ancestors
Idea that organisms
change with time,
diverging from a
common form
Caused evolution of
new species
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50
Natural Selection
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51
Origin of Species
Darwin Presents His Case
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Why?
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Wallaces Contribution
56
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Variation
Artificial
Selection
59
60
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Origin of Species
Concepts and Controversy
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62
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63
Fitness
Ability of an Individual To
Survive & Reproduce
Adaptation
Inherited Characteristic That
Increases an Organisms Chance
for Survival
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64
Can Be:
Physical
Speed, Camouflage, Claws,
Quills, etc.
Behavioral
65
Is Central To The
Process Of Evolution
Individuals With Low Fitness
Die
Produce Few Offspring
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Natural Selection
Cannot
Be Seen Directly
It Can Only Be Observed As
Changes In A Population Over
Many Successive Generations
Radiation
Fossil Record
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Opposition to Evolution
The upheaval
surrounding evolution
began with Darwins
publication of On the
Origin of Species By
Means of Natural
Selection
The debate continues
nearly 150 years later
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Theory of Evolution
Today
Supporting Evidence
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Homologous Structures
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Evolution
of
pesticide
resistance
in response
to
selection
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Evolutionary
Time Scales
Macroevolution:
Long time scale
events that
create and
destroy species.
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82
Evolutionary
Time Scales
Microevolution:
83
Evidence of Evolution
Key Concept
84
Fossil Record
Earth is Billions of Years Old
Fossils In Different Layers of Rock
(sedimentary Rock Strata) Showed
Evidence Of Gradual Change Over
Time
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85
Geographic Distribution of
Living Species
Different Animals
On Different
Continents But
Similar Adaptations
To Shared
Environments
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86
Homologous Body
Structures
Scientists
87
Homologous Body
Structures
Structures That Have Different
Mature Forms But Develop From
The Same Embryonic Tissues
Strong Evidence That All FourLimbed Animals With Backbones
Descended, With Modification,
From A Common Ancestor
Help Scientist Group Animals
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88
Homologous Body
Structures
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89
Homologous Body
Structures
Appendix In Man
Legs On Skinks
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90
Similarities In Early
Development
Embryonic Structures Of Different
Species Show Significant
Similarities
Embryo early stages of
vertebrate development
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Chicken
Turtle
Rat
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Review
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Darwin's Theory
1.
2.
95
Darwin's Theory
3.
4.
96
Darwin's Theory
5.
6.
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Darwin's Theory
7.
8.
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