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Capacitor &
Dielectrics
SUBTOPICS :
2.1 Capacitance and capacitors in
series and parallel
2.2 Charging & Discharging of
capacitors
2.3 Capacitors with dielectrics
2.0 Introduction
Capacitor
-- is a device that is capable of storing
electric charges.
-- come in different shapes & sizes.
-- used in a variety of electric circuits.
or
Q
C
V
Definition of 1 Farad:
1 Farad is defined as the
charge of 1 coulomb stored
on each of the conducting
plates as a result of a
potential difference of 1
volt between the two plates.
From:
Q
C
V
rearrange
Q
Q
Q
Q
; V2
; V3
V1
; Vn
C1
C2
C3
Cn
V V 1 V 2 V 3 Vn (1)
If CE is the equivalent capacitance for
a single capacitor that could replace
the series combination & store the
same charge at the same voltage.
Q
Q
V
CE
CE
V
Substituting into (1) :
Q Q Q Q
Q
K
CE C 1 C 2 C 3
Cn
Canceling the common Qs, we get :
1
1
1
1
1
K
CE C 1 C 2 C 3
Cn
Value of CE is always smaller than the
smallest capacitance in the combination.
Capacitors in Parallel
Q1 C 1V ; Q 2 C 2V ; Q 3 C 3V and Qn CnV
The total charge ( Q ) is the sum of the
charges on each capacitor :
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3 K Qn K (1)
A capacitor with the equivalent capacitance,
CE would hold this same total charge when
connected to the battery, so :
Q
Q CEV
CE
V
CE V C 1 V C 2 V C 3 V K C n V
Canceling the common Vs, we get :
CE C 1 C 2 C 3 K C n
For this case, the CE is larger than the
largest individual capacitance.
Example 1
What is the total capacitance in a, b and c ?
C1 5 F
C1 5 F
+
C 2 10 F
+
C1 5 F
C 2 10 F
C 3 15 F
+ -
C 2 10 F
C 3 15 F
(a)
C 3 15 F
+- +- + -
(b)
(c)
CE C 1 C 2 C 3 5 F 10 F 15 F
30 F
(b) In series, the total capacitance is given by
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
CE C 1 C 2 C 3 5 F 10 F 15 F
1
11
CE 30 F
30
CE F 2.7 F
11
Cp C 1 C 2 5 F 10 F
Cp 15 F
2
1
1
1
1 1
CE Cp C 3 15 F 15 F 15 F
15
CE F 7.5 F
2
Example 2
Find the potential difference across the
capacitors X, Y and Z .
Find the charges reside on the capacitors X,
Y and Z .
CY 1 F
CX 6 F
CZ 2 F
12 V
CYZ CY CZ
1 F 2 F
CYZ 3 F
The equivalent capacitance for X, Y & Z :
CE
1
1
1
1
1
CE CX CYZ 6 F 3 F
1
2 F
CE 2 F
26.4x1065
Q CE V
(2 x10 6 )12
Q 2.4 x10 5 C
Q
VX
CX
VX 4 V
VY VZ
Thus : V VX VY
VY 12 4
VY 8 V
VZ 8 V
QY CY VY
(1x10 6 ) 8
QY 8 x106 C
QZ CZ VZ
(2 x10 6 ) 8
5
QZ 1.6 x10 C
W V Q
Q
W Q
C
2
1
Q
W
2C
W VdQ dQ
C
0
0
We know, Q CV thus :
1W
2
2C
VQ
Q
C can also be written as : C , thus :
V
Example 2
A 4 F and 6 F capacitor connected in
series are charged by a 240 V power supply.
Calculate
(a) The charge on each capacitor
(b) The potential difference across each
capacitor.
(c) The total energy stored in each capacitor.
Sketching Diagram
240 V
4 F
12
C2
C1
6 F
Solution
1
1
1
CE 4 6
CE 2.4 F
Qtotal Q1 Q2
Q CV
5.8 x10 C
Potential difference across 4F capacitor :
Q
V1
C1
5.8 x10 4
144 V
6
4 x10
1
W
2Q
1V
(225.8x104)(4496)
96
V
6
C2
6 x10
The total energy stored in 4F capacitor :
0.04176 J
0.02784 J
RC
Charging a capacitor
A capacitor in series with a resistor, switch &
battery.
Q0 C V 0
Q
(1e)V(1e)
t0/RC0t/RC
Plots of capacitor
charge, Q vs time t :
Plots of capacitor
voltage, V vs time t :
I0et/RC
During charging process, time constant, is
defined as the time taken for the current to
decrease to 37% of its initial value (I0) or the
voltage across the charging capacitor has
risen to 63% of its maximum voltage (V0)
Discharging a capacitor
Q
eVe
0t/RC0t/RC
Plots of capacitor
charge, Q vs time t :
Plots of capacitor
voltage, V vs time t :
I0et/RC
During discharging process, time constant,
is defined as the time taken for the voltage
across the capacitor and the current in the
circuit decays exponentially with time falling
to 37% of its initial value.
RC
R ;
C ;
e
Q
(1e)Q
t0/RC0t/RC
Discharging Capacitor
V(1e)Ve
t0/RC0t/RC
Discharging Capacitor
Ie
0t/RCI
0e
t/RC
Discharging Capacitor
Example 3
An uncharged capacitor and a resistor are
connected in series to a battery. If V = 12.0 V,
C = 5.0 F & R = 8.0x105 . Find
(a) the time constant
(b) the maximum charge on the capacitor
(c) the maximum current in the circuit
(d) the charge & current as functions of time
(e) the charge on the capacitor after one time
constant has elapsed.
Solution
(a) R C (8.0 10 5 ) (5 10 6 )
4.0 s
Q 0 CV 0
(5 10 6 ) (12 )
60 C
(c) The maximum current in the circuit :
12
V0
15 A
I0
5
8 10
R
t
/1
R
C
Ifrom
e:Q
0
500(Aet/R4C)
Q 60 C (1 e t /4 )
(e) t = = 4 s , Q = ?
60 C (1 e
4/4
) 37.9 C
A
Applying the Gausss Law, the value of the
electric field between the plates :
Q
E
(1)
0 A 0
Since the field between the plates is uniform,
the magnitude of the potential difference
between the plates :
V E d ( 2)
C
0
A
d
V
Q
d A 0
Dielectric
Dielectric is an insulating material such as rubber,
plastic or waxed paper.
Dielectric materials: high electrical resistivity, but
an efficient supporter of electrostatic fields.
Can store energy / charge.
Able to support an electrostatic field while
dissipating minimal energy in the form of heat.
The effect of a dielectric is to increase the
capacitance by a factor of ( increase the charge
storage capacity of the capacitor )
is called dielectric constant / relative
permitivity. dimensionless & is greater than 1.
r
0
(dielectrics)
A
(
)
A
r
o
C
dd
where
: dielectric permittivity of the
material ( always greater than 0 )
r : relative permittivity
Example : r = 7.0 for mica
r = 3.7 for paper
Material
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Strength
(V/m)
Air (dry)
1.00059
3 x 106
Bakelite
4.9
24 x 106
Fused quartz
3.78
8 x 106
Neoprene rubber
6.7
12 x 106
Nylon
3.4
14 x 106
Paper
3.7
16 x 106
Polystyrene
2.56
24 x 106
Polyvinyl Chloride
3.4
40 x 106
12 x 106
Pyrex Glass
5.6
14 x 106
Silicone Oil
2.5
15 x 106
Strontium Titanate
233
8 x 106
Teflon
2.1
60 x 106
1.00000
80
Porcelain
Vacuum
Water
Example 4
A parallel plate capacitor consists of 2 plates
each with area 200 cm2 separated by a 0.4 cm
air gap.
(a) compute its capacitance
(b) if the capacitor is connected across a 500
V source, what are the charge on either plate
?
Solution
Air gap r = 1.0 thus = 0
A = 200 cm2 = 200x10-4 m2
d = 0.4 cm = 0.4x10-2 m
(a)
ffrroom
0
A
:m
C
1
2
4
.:C
5V
8
x(Q
14.x10041()25x10)
44 x1012 F 44 pF
(b)
22 x10 C
Purpose of dielectric :
1. To limit the potential difference that can
be applied between the plates to certain
value, Vmax called breakdown potential.
2. It keeps the plates from coming into
contact.
3. Allows flexible plates of metallic foil to be
rolled into a cylinder, giving the capacitor
a more compact size.
V
0
Er0r
Q0
V0
C0
Generally : V E d , thus :
CdAw
C
rh
0
err0
Q
C
V
Q0
Q0
r
(V 0 / r )
V0
PITFALL Prevention
Is the capacitor connected to a
battery ?
In problems in which you are modifying a capacitor
( by inserting of a dielectric , for example ), you
must note whether modifications to the capacitor
are being made while the capacitor is connected to
a battery or after it is disconnected.
If the capacitor remains connected to the battery,
the voltage across the capacitor necessarily remains
the same.
If you disconnected the capacitor from the battery
before making any modifications to the capacitor, the
capacitor is an isolated system and its charge remains
the same.
Example 5
A parallelplate capacitor has charge of
magnitude 9x10-6 C on each plate &
capacitance 3F when there is air between the
plates. The plates are separated by 2.0 mm.
With the charge on the plates kept constant, a
dielectric with r = 5.0 is inserted between the
plates.
What is the potential difference & electric field
between the plates of the capacitor before &
after the dielectric has been inserted ?
6
Q
9
1
0
V
0E
C
0
3
0
3
dV
2
3
0
50
E
rr01
Solution
The potential difference before :
3 V
1.5 10 V m
3
0.6 V
300 V m -1
-1
battery
capacitor
Answer
(a) Since capacitor still connected to
battery, V remain unchanged.
(b) As dielectric is inserted, capacitance
increase by a factor r .
(c) From:
Q CV
For V constant,
QC C Q
SOLUTION
Two capacitors in
series : 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2
where
oA
C1 =
and C2 =
d/3
1 = d/3 + 2d/3
C oA
oA
d
= 3 A
o
oA
2d/3
+2
3 oA
C = 2 + 1
d
Pictures from Serway & Beichner
CAUTION !!! Capacitors are located inside of all laboratory equipment. They
come in many different shapes and sizes. Capacitors can remain energized and
produce harmful shocks long after a piece of equipment has been unplugged.
4/10/16
End of Chapter 2
Matriculation Physics SF027
81