Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

Basics of Surveying

What is surveying?
Surveying is the art and science of
measuring angles, distances and
positions (northing, easting and
elevation), on or near the surface of
the earth.

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

What are two applications of surveying?

The location of ground features are

measured to prepare a map or plan
of the area.
Design features, shown on a map or
plan, are located in the field by
distance, angle and/or positioning
measurements.

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Plane and Geodetic Surveys

Plane surveying is that type of

surveying in which the surface of the
earth is considered to be a plane for
all X and Y dimensions.
Geodetic surveying is that type of
surveying in which the earth is
considered to be ellipsoidal for X and
Y dimensions.

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Classes of Surveys

Preliminary survey

Layout survey

Control survey

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Surveying Fields

Topographic surveys
Hydrographic surveys
Route surveys
Property surveys
Aerial surveys
Construction surveys
Final (as-built) surveys

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

GPS Receiver

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Surveying References

Geographic reference
Grid reference
Legal reference
Vertical reference

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Geographical Coordinates

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Units of Measurement

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Distance Measurements

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Errors

Systematic errors are those errors

whose magnitude and algebraic sign
can be determined.
Random errors are associated with
the skill and vigilance of the
surveyor.

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Stationing

Stations are dimensions measured

along a baseline.
The beginning point is described as
0+00.
A point 100 ft(m) from the beginning
is 1+00.
A point 565.98 ft(m) from the
beginning is 5+65.98.
Points measured before the beginning
station are 0-50, -1+00, etc.

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Precision & Accuracy

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Techniques of Distance Measurement

Pacing
Scaling
Odometer
EDM (electronic distance measurement)
Stadia
Subtense bar
Fiberglass tapes
Steel tapes

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Steel Tape Graduations

Graduated through-out

Cut tape

Add tape

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Steel Tape Graduations

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Use of a Steel Tape and Plumb Bob

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Hand Level

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

Surveying: Principles and Applications, 9e

Barry Kavanagh, Tom Mastin

2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved