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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

EARTHQUAKE AND WIND?

DYNAMIC ACTIONS ON BUILDINGS


EARTHQUAKE Vs WIND

Difference in the design effects on a building during natural actions


of
a)Earthquake Ground Movement at base
b)Wind Pressure on exposed area
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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

DYNAMIC ACTIONS ON BUILDINGS


EARTHQUAKE Vs WIND

Nature of temporal variations of design actions


a)Earthquake Ground Motion zero mean
b)Wind Pressure non-zero mean
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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

WHETHER THE BUILDING SHOULD BE


DESIGNED FOR EARTHQUAKE/WIND OR
BOTH?
WHY?

WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE

In context to IS 1893
(Part I ):2002
Page No: 13

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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE
All other hazards
impose
force
loading

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FORCE
LOADING

DISPLACEMENT
LOADING
Earthquake
shaking
imposes displacement
loading on the building

ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE

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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION

Syllabus
Introduction to engineering seismology - various
theories - measurement scales - vibration measuring
instruments - Past earthquakes in India and world Response spectrum - significance - construction & use

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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY

Seismology
Seismology is the study of the generation,
propagation and recording of elastic wave in the earth,
and the sources that produce them

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INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Classification Based on Source
Natural Source
Tectonic Earthquake
Volcanic Earthquake

Man-Made Source
Controlled
Earthquake(Explosives)
Reservoir Induced
Earthquake

Rock falls/Collapse of Cavity

Mining Induces Earthquake

Microseism

Cultural Noise (Industry,


Traffic, etc)

90% of earthquake results from Tectonic event Movement of Plate


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INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY

Earthquake (Seismic)
An earthquake is a sudden tremor or the movement of
the earth crust, which originates naturally at or below the
surface

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INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Internal Structure of Earth
Geosphere Sequence of shells or layers inside the earth
Barysphere (Core) includes inner core and outer core
Asthenosphere (Mantle) includes lower mantle and upper
mantle
Lithosphere (Crust) outer solid shell

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INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY

Barysphere

Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
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Inner core-Solid state-16000Kg/m3


Outer core-Liquid state-12000Kg/m34x106atm-2500oC

Igneous rock-Plastic
6000Kg/m3

state-5000

to

Thinnest outer solid shell-1,500Kg/m31atm

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Elastic Rebound Theory


Rocks move opposite direction - subjected to force
and shift - energy accumulates - deform - accumulated
energy is more than the internal strength - sudden
movement - along the fault - releasing the accumulated
energy as the earthquake

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Elastic Rebound Theory

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Plate Tectonic Theory
Tectonic - study of deformation of earth material
Plate - Lithosphere(Outermost layer) - 100km thick behave like a rigid shell
Heating and cooling - Barysphere and Asthenosphere
- convention current - Lithosphere moves - different
velocity - 2cm/year - energy accumulates
Accumulated stress exceeds the strength of the rock rock brakes releasing the energy as earthquake
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VARIOUS THEORIES

Pangea

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VARIOUS THEORIES

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Major & Minor Tectonic Plate
Antarctica
Africa
Eurasia
India
Australia
Arabia
Philippines
North America
South America
Pacific
Nazca
Cocos
Scotia
Caribbean
Juan de Fuca
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Minor
Tectonic
Plate
Major
Tectonic
Plate

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VARIOUS THEORIES
World Seismotectonic

Major and minor


lithospheric plates
(The arrows indicate
relative
velocities
in
mm/year at different type
of active plate margin)

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Indian Seismotectonic

Tectonic map showing the


major geomorphologic feature
in India and adjoining region

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Lithospheric
Earthquake

plates move relative to each other

occurs along these fault

Plate Boundaries
Types of plate boundaries:
Divergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
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VARIOUS THEORIES

Plate
boundaries

Oceaniccontinental
boundaries
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Convergent
boundaries

Divergent
boundaries

Oceanicoceanic
boundaries

Continentalcontinental
boundaries

ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Transform
boundaries

24

VARIOUS THEORIES

Convergent Boundaries
Crust destruction occurs as plates move towards each
other and one plate sinks under another
Indonesia earthquake 26th December 2004

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Oceanic-continental
boundaries

Oceanic-oceanic
boundaries
Continental-continental
boundaries
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VARIOUS THEORIES
Divergent Boundaries
New crust is created as the plates pull away from
each other
Mid-Atlantic ridge (Rate of spreading is 2.5 cm/year)

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Transform Boundaries
Crust slide horizontally
San Andreas Fault zone in Califormia

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Movement of Indian plate

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Faults
A fracture along which the blocks of crust on either
side have moved relative to one another parallel to the
fracture
Classification based on Plates
Interplate Earthquake - related to earthquake
occurring between the plate - Assam Earthquake 1987
Intraplate Earthquake - related to earthquake
occurring within the plate - Lattur Earthquake 1993
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VARIOUS THEORIES

Fault
Strike-slip fault

Dip-slip fault

Normal fault

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Oblique-slip fault

Reverse or Thrust
fault

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-slip faults are the fractures where the blocks
move horizontally

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Dip-Slip Fault
Dip-slip faults are inclined fractures - shifting vertical

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Normal Fault
If the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down,
the fault is termed normal fault

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Reverse or Thrust Fault


If the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is
termed reverse fault

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Oblique Slip Fault


These fault have both a vertical and horizontal
component of motion along the fault
Combination of strike-slip and dip-slip motion

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Seismic Waves
The release of large strain energy during an
earthquake travels in the form of seismic waves

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismic
waves
Surface
waves

Body waves

P-waves

S-waves

SV-waves

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Rayleigh
waves

Love waves

SH-waves

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Body waves
Propagation of wave in all
direction and to all depth

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Surface waves
Propagation is limited to a
volume of rock within a
few seismic wavelength

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Body waves
P-waves

Type

S-waves

Nature of wave

Compression waves

Shear waves

Particle motion

Perpendicular to the
Along the direction
direction
of
of propagation of the
propagation of the
waves
waves

Volume change in
Instantaneous
material

Not instantaneous

Shape change in
Material

Instantaneous

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Not instantaneous

ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

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VARIOUS THEORIES

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Surface waves
Type
Nature of
shaking

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Rayleigh
waves

Love waves

Horizontal
motion
Elliptical
motion
ground
that is transverse or
with no transverse or
perpendicular to the
perpendicular motion
direction of the wave

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VARIOUS THEORIES

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VARIOUS THEORIES

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Basic Terminology
Hypocentre(Focus)
The hypocenter is the point within the earth where an
earthquake rupture starts
Epicentre
The epicentre is the point directly above it at the surface
of the Earth

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Basic Terminology
Focal Depth
The distance between the epicenter and focus
Epicentral Distance
The distance from epicentre to any point of interest

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VARIOUS THEORIES

Basic Terminology
Foreshock
Foreshocks are relatively smaller earthquakes that precede the largest
earthquake in a series, which is termed the mainshock.
Not all mainshocks have foreshocks.
Mainshock
The mainshock is the largest earthquake in a sequence, sometimes preceded
by one or more foreshocks, and almost always followed by many aftershocks.
After shocks
An earthquake that follows a larger earthquake or main shock and originates
at or near the focus of the larger earthquake.
Generally, major earthquakes are followed by a larger number of aftershocks,
decreasing in frequency with time.
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VARIOUS THEORIES

Time
Magnitude
00:59:06 M=1.7
01:00:55 M=3.3
shock
01:06:02 M=2.9
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Latitude Longitude
36.939 -121.679
36.246 -120.821

Depth Designation
8
Foreshock
8
Main

36.244 -120.829
ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Aftershock
48

VARIOUS THEORIES
Salmas, Iran (Persia)
38.15N 44.70E
60 villages destroyed

Death 2500

Foreshock killed 25 people


The town of Dilman (population 18,000) was completely destroyed,
but there were only 1,100 deaths because a magnitude 5.4
foreshock
Saved thousands of lives since many people choose to sleep
outdoors that night
Mainshock Magnitude 7.2
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VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismicity of World

Distribution
of
epicentres
of
30000 earthquake
occurred during
1961-1967

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismicity in India

Seismicity map in India


(From IS:1893 (Part 1): 2002)

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MEASUREMENT SCALE

Magnitude
Magnitude is an measure of the amount of strain
energy released during an earthquake
Magnitude - single number for an particular
earthquake

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VARIOUS THEORIES
Richter
Magnitude
Surface Wave
Magnitude
Magnitude

Body Wave
Magnitude
Duration
Magnitude
Moment
Magnitude

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MEASUREMENT SCALE

Richter Magnitude
The Richter Magnitude for an maximum amplitude of
A m at a point 100 km from epicenter
Richter scale is a logarithmic scale, (i,e) an
magnitude of 4 cause 10 times as much ground
movement as one of magnitude 3 and 100 times as much
as one of magnitude 2

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MEASUREMENT SCALE
Intensity
Intensity is scale to measure the effect of earthquake at
different site
Intensity measurement based on the
Effects of earthquake on living and non-living thing
Acuity of the observer

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MEASUREMENT SCALE

EXCEPTION while Measuring Intensity ??


Building on filled(Loose soil)
ground respond differently to the
earthquake vibration

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MEASURMENT SCALE

Intensity

Ten Point Rossi Forrel Scale

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Twelve Point Modified


Mercalli Scale

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MEASUREMENT SCALE

In context to IS
1893 (Part I ):2002
Annex D
Page No:33
(Simplified form)

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58

MEASUREMENT SCALE
Magnitude
Measure of energy released at the
source of the earthquake

Intensity
Measure of strength of shaking
produced by the earthquake at a
certain location

Single number which does not vary Different


from place to place

location

experience

different level of intensity


It is determined from the effect on

It is measured from seismographs

people, structure and the natural


environment

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MEASUREMENT SCALE
Example:
Bhuj Earthquake January 2001
Magnitude 7.7
Earthquake felt in Bhuj, Ahmedabad, Anjar and
Gandhidham
Magnitude is same in all the places
Intensity of Bhuj is different from the intensity at
Ahmedabad
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MEASUREMENT SCALE
Isoseismal Line or Isoseists
A line on a map joining points of equal intensity for a
particular earthquake

Isoseismal line for Bhuj Earthquake January 2001


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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT


Seismograph
Seismograph is a instrument used for recording the motion
of earth surface caused by seismic wave as a function of time
Seismogram - frequency and amplitude of shock wave
Modern Seismograph
Clock - record precise arrival time of specific seismic wave
Sensor - measure the intensity of shaking
Recorder - tracing
Electronic amplifier and Data recorder - to store the
information
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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

Basic construction of Seismograph


To measure horizontal motion - the inertial mass is
suspended on a hinge
To measure vertical motion - the inertial mass hangs
from the support by a spring
Recording device registers seismic vibration with a
pen attached to the inertial mass and the roll of paper
moves along with earth vibration
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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT


Instrument sensitive to high frequency seismic wave short period seismographs - record local earthquake
Instrument sensitive to low frequency seismic wave long period seismographs - record distant earthquake
Modern seismograph perform both the function
Earthquake - three directional movement - recorded
for three perpendicular direction - hence three sensor
(North South, East West, Vertical) direction
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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

Seismogram
Seismogram are the record produced by seismographs
used to calculate the location and magnitude of an
earthquake

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VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT


Strong Ground Motion

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VIBRATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENT

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND


WORLD
Himalayan Region
S.No

Name

Location

Magnitude/
Intensity

Year

Death

1.

Kashmir Earthquake

Srinagar

1885

3000

2.

Shillong Earthquake

Shillong

1897

8.7

1600

3.

Kangra Earthquake

Kangara

1905

8.5

20000

4.

Bihar-Nepal Earthquake

Bihar-Nepal
region

1934

8.3

10000

5.

Assam Earthquake

Assam

1950

8.5

1526

6.

Bihar-Nepal Earthquake

Bihar-Nepal
region

1988

6.5

1000

7.

Indo-Burma Earthquake

India-Burma border

1988

7.3

8.

Uttarkashi Earthquake

Uttarkashi

1991

7.0

768

9.

Chamoli Earthquake

Chamoli

1999

6.8

103

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border

border

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND


WORLD
Andaman Nicobar
1.

Andaman-Nicobar
Earthquake

Andaman-Nicobar
trench

1941

8.1

Kutch Region
1.

Samaji Earthquake

Samaji

1668

2.

Kutch Earthquake

Kutch

1819

8.0

2000

3.

Anjar Earthquake

Anjar

1956

6.1

115

4.

Bhuj Earthquake

Bhuj

2001

6.9

20000

Peninsular India
1.

Bombay-Surat Earthquake

Bombay-Surat

1856

VII

2.

Son Valley Earthquake

Son Valley

1927

6.5

3.

Satpura Earthquake

Satpura

1938

6.3

4.

Balaghat Earthquake

Balaghat

1957

5.5

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND


WORLD
5.

Koyna Earthquake

Koyna

1967

6.0

177

6.

Ongole Earthquake

Ongole

1967

5.4

7.

Broach Earthquake

Bronch

1970

5.4

26

8.

Latur Earthquake

Latur

1993

6.2

10000

9.

Jabalpur Earthquake

Jabalpur

1997

6.0

54

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND


WORLD

Earthquake in World

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S.No Name

Year

Magnitude/
Intensity

1.

Chile

1992

8.3

2.

Japan

1933

8.5

3.

India-China

1950

8.6

4.

Alaska

1964

8.4

5.

Sumatra

2004

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
As per Indian Meteorological Department ,
New Delhi
Magnitude : 6.9
Epicenter : Bhachau
Focal Depth : 25 km
Date : January 26, 2001, Friday
Radius of fault area : 23 km

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Indian plate is pushing against the Eurasian
plate creating a compression zone.
Gujarat area experiences similar compression
due to plate tectonics

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

The
Bhuj
earthquake
occurred on a
Reverse Thrust
fault
Past Earthquake
Rann on Kutch, 1819, Mw=7.8, 3200
killed
Rann of Kutch, 1845, M=6.3
North
of Anjar, 1956,
Mw=6.3, 156
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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Peak
horizontal
acceleration of 0.11g
P
waves
(gentle
motion) for first 30 sec
S waves (strong and
damaging motion) for
next 30 sec
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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

FAILURE OF RC BUILDING

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Soft Storey
Failure

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Soft Storey

In context to IS 1893 (Part


I ):2002
Page No: 21

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Soft Storey

In context to IS 1893 (Part


I ):2002
Page No: 27

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Floating
Column
Failure
Soft
Storey

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Vertical Geometric Irregularity

In context to IS 1893 (Part


I ):2002
Page No: 27

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Effect of Neglecting infill wall is analysis?

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Plan
and
Irregularity

Mass

In context to IS 1893 (Part


I ):2002
Page No: 10

Static Eccentricit

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Plan Irregularity

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Mass Irregularity

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Short Column
Poor Quality of
Construction

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Damage to Structural
Elements

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Transverse Reinforcement

In context to IS 13920 : 1993 Page No: 6,7

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Damage to Infill
How the
infill wall
Walls
fail?

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Damage to
Water Tank

Torsion of 500mm
Why?
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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Damage to
Staircase

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Damage to
Staircase

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Damage to
Elevators

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Inconsistent Seismic Performance of Building

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

How to Study this effect in Software?

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

FAILURE OF MASONRY BUILDING

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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Typical
features
of
damages
in
masonry
building
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-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

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PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA AND WORLD


-BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Effect of
Earthquake on
Code Designed
Structures

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WORLD
Lesson Learnt
Design should be based on IS 1893 (Part
1):2002 and
IS 13920:1993
Building with vertical and mass irregularity
- Dynamic analysis and Inelastic design
Strong column and weak beam
Infill wall - incorporated in structural
analysis
Shear wall - increasing stiffness - uniformly
distributed in both principle direction
Quality of construction
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WORLD
Lesson Learnt Inelastic Design

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WORLD
Lesson Learnt - Strong column and weak
beam

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WORLD
Lesson Learnt - Infill Wall

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WORLD
Lesson Learnt - Shear Wall

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Is it possible to predict the damage in
structure before earthquake?
Sikkim Earthquake September 18,2011

Column Shear

Pushover
Analysis
Showing Hinge
Result
Y. Singh & Phani Gade
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
D.H. Lang & E. Erduran
NORSAR, International Centre of Geohazards (ICG), Kjeller, Norway

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Important Definition

In context to IS 1893 (Part


I ):2002
Page No: 10

ZPA(Zero Period Acceleration):


Zero
period acceleration implies the maximum
acceleration experienced by a structure
having zero period ( T=0)
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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Important Definition
For what kind of Structure T=0?

T1<T2<T3<T4
Infinitely rigid structure; Deformation is zero
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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum
response(Acceleration,
Velocity,
Displacement) of idealized SDOF system
having certain period and damping during
earthquake ground motion

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Equation of Motion for SDOF


Free Body Diagram

y applying Newton Second Law

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Example
El Centro ground motion

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The time variation


u(t) for an damping
of 2 percent SDOF
system with Tn= 0.5
sec, 1 sec, 2 sec

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Displacement
Response
for
an
damping of 2 percent

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Pseudo-Velocity
Response
for
an
damping of 2 percent
Strain
Energy
Stored in the system
during earthquake

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
PseudoAcceleration
Response for an
damping
of
2
percent
Peak value of
Base Shear
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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

How to Read an Earthquake Data?


http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/search.html

Chi Chi
Earthquake

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Construction of Response Spectrum
1.Define the ground acceleration; typically the
ground motion ordinates for every 0.02 Sec or
0.005 Sec or 0.1 Sec
2.Select the natural vibration period
and
damping ratio of a SDF system
3.Compute the deformation of this SDF system
due to the ground motion (Using Numerical
Method)
4.Determine u(0) the peak value of u(t)
5.The spectral ordintes are D=u(0), pseudovelocity and pseudo-acceleration
6.Repeat step 2 to 5 for a range of natural
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vibration period
and damping ratio

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Computing Deformation Numerical Method

1.Method on Interpolation of Excitation


2.Central Difference Method
3.Newmark Method
i.Average Acceleration Method
ii.Linear Acceleration Method

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation

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Method

on

Interpolation

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of

120

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation

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Method

on

Interpolation

of

Problem in Dynamics
of structures by Anil
K. Chopra
Third Edition
Page No: 205

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation

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Method

on

Interpolation

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of

122

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum

Combained D-V-A
response
spectrum for El
Centro
ground
motion for an
damping
percentage of 0,
For what this use of this graph
2, 5, 10 and 20%
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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
How the Code Response Spectrum is
obtained??

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Normalization of earthquake response spectra

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History
1.2
1
0.8

Spectral Acceleration (g)

Imperial Valley

0.6

Morgan Hill

0.4

Loma Prieta
Northridge

0.2

Chi Chi

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Time(Sec)

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History
1.2
1
0.8

Spectral Acceleration (g)

Imperial Valley

0.6

Morgan Hill
Loma Prieta

0.4

Northridge

0.2

Chi Chi
Average

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Time(Sec)

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History

Codal Spectral
Acceleration Zone
V Soil Type I
Spectral Acceleration
(g)
Average

Time (Sec)

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Significant and Uses
Convenient and practical way to find the
acceleration, velocity or displacement
Practical way to apply the knowledge of
structural dynamics to determine the lateral force
and to design of structures

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