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WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE
In context to IS 1893
(Part I ):2002
Page No: 13
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WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE
All other hazards
impose
force
loading
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FORCE
LOADING
DISPLACEMENT
LOADING
Earthquake
shaking
imposes displacement
loading on the building
WHETHER WIND/EARTHQUAKE
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UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
Syllabus
Introduction to engineering seismology - various
theories - measurement scales - vibration measuring
instruments - Past earthquakes in India and world Response spectrum - significance - construction & use
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INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Seismology
Seismology is the study of the generation,
propagation and recording of elastic wave in the earth,
and the sources that produce them
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10
INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Classification Based on Source
Natural Source
Tectonic Earthquake
Volcanic Earthquake
Man-Made Source
Controlled
Earthquake(Explosives)
Reservoir Induced
Earthquake
Microseism
11
INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Earthquake (Seismic)
An earthquake is a sudden tremor or the movement of
the earth crust, which originates naturally at or below the
surface
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12
INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Internal Structure of Earth
Geosphere Sequence of shells or layers inside the earth
Barysphere (Core) includes inner core and outer core
Asthenosphere (Mantle) includes lower mantle and upper
mantle
Lithosphere (Crust) outer solid shell
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13
INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY
Barysphere
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
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Igneous rock-Plastic
6000Kg/m3
state-5000
to
14
VARIOUS THEORIES
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15
VARIOUS THEORIES
Elastic Rebound Theory
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16
VARIOUS THEORIES
Plate Tectonic Theory
Tectonic - study of deformation of earth material
Plate - Lithosphere(Outermost layer) - 100km thick behave like a rigid shell
Heating and cooling - Barysphere and Asthenosphere
- convention current - Lithosphere moves - different
velocity - 2cm/year - energy accumulates
Accumulated stress exceeds the strength of the rock rock brakes releasing the energy as earthquake
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17
VARIOUS THEORIES
Pangea
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18
VARIOUS THEORIES
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19
VARIOUS THEORIES
Major & Minor Tectonic Plate
Antarctica
Africa
Eurasia
India
Australia
Arabia
Philippines
North America
South America
Pacific
Nazca
Cocos
Scotia
Caribbean
Juan de Fuca
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Minor
Tectonic
Plate
Major
Tectonic
Plate
20
VARIOUS THEORIES
World Seismotectonic
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21
VARIOUS THEORIES
Indian Seismotectonic
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22
VARIOUS THEORIES
Lithospheric
Earthquake
Plate Boundaries
Types of plate boundaries:
Divergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
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23
VARIOUS THEORIES
Plate
boundaries
Oceaniccontinental
boundaries
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Convergent
boundaries
Divergent
boundaries
Oceanicoceanic
boundaries
Continentalcontinental
boundaries
Transform
boundaries
24
VARIOUS THEORIES
Convergent Boundaries
Crust destruction occurs as plates move towards each
other and one plate sinks under another
Indonesia earthquake 26th December 2004
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25
VARIOUS THEORIES
Oceanic-continental
boundaries
Oceanic-oceanic
boundaries
Continental-continental
boundaries
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26
VARIOUS THEORIES
Divergent Boundaries
New crust is created as the plates pull away from
each other
Mid-Atlantic ridge (Rate of spreading is 2.5 cm/year)
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27
VARIOUS THEORIES
Transform Boundaries
Crust slide horizontally
San Andreas Fault zone in Califormia
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28
VARIOUS THEORIES
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29
VARIOUS THEORIES
Faults
A fracture along which the blocks of crust on either
side have moved relative to one another parallel to the
fracture
Classification based on Plates
Interplate Earthquake - related to earthquake
occurring between the plate - Assam Earthquake 1987
Intraplate Earthquake - related to earthquake
occurring within the plate - Lattur Earthquake 1993
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30
VARIOUS THEORIES
Fault
Strike-slip fault
Dip-slip fault
Normal fault
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Oblique-slip fault
Reverse or Thrust
fault
31
VARIOUS THEORIES
Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-slip faults are the fractures where the blocks
move horizontally
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32
VARIOUS THEORIES
Dip-Slip Fault
Dip-slip faults are inclined fractures - shifting vertical
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33
VARIOUS THEORIES
Normal Fault
If the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down,
the fault is termed normal fault
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34
VARIOUS THEORIES
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35
VARIOUS THEORIES
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36
VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismic Waves
The release of large strain energy during an
earthquake travels in the form of seismic waves
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37
VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismic
waves
Surface
waves
Body waves
P-waves
S-waves
SV-waves
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Rayleigh
waves
Love waves
SH-waves
38
VARIOUS THEORIES
Body waves
Propagation of wave in all
direction and to all depth
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Surface waves
Propagation is limited to a
volume of rock within a
few seismic wavelength
39
VARIOUS THEORIES
Body waves
P-waves
Type
S-waves
Nature of wave
Compression waves
Shear waves
Particle motion
Perpendicular to the
Along the direction
direction
of
of propagation of the
propagation of the
waves
waves
Volume change in
Instantaneous
material
Not instantaneous
Shape change in
Material
Instantaneous
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Not instantaneous
40
VARIOUS THEORIES
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41
VARIOUS THEORIES
Surface waves
Type
Nature of
shaking
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Rayleigh
waves
Love waves
Horizontal
motion
Elliptical
motion
ground
that is transverse or
with no transverse or
perpendicular to the
perpendicular motion
direction of the wave
42
VARIOUS THEORIES
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43
VARIOUS THEORIES
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44
VARIOUS THEORIES
Basic Terminology
Hypocentre(Focus)
The hypocenter is the point within the earth where an
earthquake rupture starts
Epicentre
The epicentre is the point directly above it at the surface
of the Earth
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45
VARIOUS THEORIES
Basic Terminology
Focal Depth
The distance between the epicenter and focus
Epicentral Distance
The distance from epicentre to any point of interest
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46
VARIOUS THEORIES
Basic Terminology
Foreshock
Foreshocks are relatively smaller earthquakes that precede the largest
earthquake in a series, which is termed the mainshock.
Not all mainshocks have foreshocks.
Mainshock
The mainshock is the largest earthquake in a sequence, sometimes preceded
by one or more foreshocks, and almost always followed by many aftershocks.
After shocks
An earthquake that follows a larger earthquake or main shock and originates
at or near the focus of the larger earthquake.
Generally, major earthquakes are followed by a larger number of aftershocks,
decreasing in frequency with time.
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47
VARIOUS THEORIES
Time
Magnitude
00:59:06 M=1.7
01:00:55 M=3.3
shock
01:06:02 M=2.9
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Latitude Longitude
36.939 -121.679
36.246 -120.821
Depth Designation
8
Foreshock
8
Main
36.244 -120.829
ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Aftershock
48
VARIOUS THEORIES
Salmas, Iran (Persia)
38.15N 44.70E
60 villages destroyed
Death 2500
49
VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismicity of World
Distribution
of
epicentres
of
30000 earthquake
occurred during
1961-1967
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50
VARIOUS THEORIES
Seismicity in India
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51
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Magnitude
Magnitude is an measure of the amount of strain
energy released during an earthquake
Magnitude - single number for an particular
earthquake
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52
VARIOUS THEORIES
Richter
Magnitude
Surface Wave
Magnitude
Magnitude
Body Wave
Magnitude
Duration
Magnitude
Moment
Magnitude
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53
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Richter Magnitude
The Richter Magnitude for an maximum amplitude of
A m at a point 100 km from epicenter
Richter scale is a logarithmic scale, (i,e) an
magnitude of 4 cause 10 times as much ground
movement as one of magnitude 3 and 100 times as much
as one of magnitude 2
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54
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Intensity
Intensity is scale to measure the effect of earthquake at
different site
Intensity measurement based on the
Effects of earthquake on living and non-living thing
Acuity of the observer
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55
MEASUREMENT SCALE
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56
MEASURMENT SCALE
Intensity
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57
MEASUREMENT SCALE
In context to IS
1893 (Part I ):2002
Annex D
Page No:33
(Simplified form)
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58
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Magnitude
Measure of energy released at the
source of the earthquake
Intensity
Measure of strength of shaking
produced by the earthquake at a
certain location
location
experience
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59
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Example:
Bhuj Earthquake January 2001
Magnitude 7.7
Earthquake felt in Bhuj, Ahmedabad, Anjar and
Gandhidham
Magnitude is same in all the places
Intensity of Bhuj is different from the intensity at
Ahmedabad
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60
MEASUREMENT SCALE
Isoseismal Line or Isoseists
A line on a map joining points of equal intensity for a
particular earthquake
61
62
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63
64
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65
66
Seismogram
Seismogram are the record produced by seismographs
used to calculate the location and magnitude of an
earthquake
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67
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68
VIBRATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENT
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69
Name
Location
Magnitude/
Intensity
Year
Death
1.
Kashmir Earthquake
Srinagar
1885
3000
2.
Shillong Earthquake
Shillong
1897
8.7
1600
3.
Kangra Earthquake
Kangara
1905
8.5
20000
4.
Bihar-Nepal Earthquake
Bihar-Nepal
region
1934
8.3
10000
5.
Assam Earthquake
Assam
1950
8.5
1526
6.
Bihar-Nepal Earthquake
Bihar-Nepal
region
1988
6.5
1000
7.
Indo-Burma Earthquake
India-Burma border
1988
7.3
8.
Uttarkashi Earthquake
Uttarkashi
1991
7.0
768
9.
Chamoli Earthquake
Chamoli
1999
6.8
103
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border
border
70
Andaman-Nicobar
Earthquake
Andaman-Nicobar
trench
1941
8.1
Kutch Region
1.
Samaji Earthquake
Samaji
1668
2.
Kutch Earthquake
Kutch
1819
8.0
2000
3.
Anjar Earthquake
Anjar
1956
6.1
115
4.
Bhuj Earthquake
Bhuj
2001
6.9
20000
Peninsular India
1.
Bombay-Surat Earthquake
Bombay-Surat
1856
VII
2.
Son Valley
1927
6.5
3.
Satpura Earthquake
Satpura
1938
6.3
4.
Balaghat Earthquake
Balaghat
1957
5.5
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71
Koyna Earthquake
Koyna
1967
6.0
177
6.
Ongole Earthquake
Ongole
1967
5.4
7.
Broach Earthquake
Bronch
1970
5.4
26
8.
Latur Earthquake
Latur
1993
6.2
10000
9.
Jabalpur Earthquake
Jabalpur
1997
6.0
54
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72
Earthquake in World
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S.No Name
Year
Magnitude/
Intensity
1.
Chile
1992
8.3
2.
Japan
1933
8.5
3.
India-China
1950
8.6
4.
Alaska
1964
8.4
5.
Sumatra
2004
73
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74
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75
The
Bhuj
earthquake
occurred on a
Reverse Thrust
fault
Past Earthquake
Rann on Kutch, 1819, Mw=7.8, 3200
killed
Rann of Kutch, 1845, M=6.3
North
of Anjar, 1956,
Mw=6.3, 156
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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
76
Peak
horizontal
acceleration of 0.11g
P
waves
(gentle
motion) for first 30 sec
S waves (strong and
damaging motion) for
next 30 sec
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77
FAILURE OF RC BUILDING
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78
Soft Storey
Failure
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79
Soft Storey
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80
Soft Storey
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81
Floating
Column
Failure
Soft
Storey
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82
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83
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84
Mass
Static Eccentricit
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85
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Mass Irregularity
86
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87
Short Column
Poor Quality of
Construction
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88
Damage to Structural
Elements
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89
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90
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91
Damage to
Water Tank
Torsion of 500mm
Why?
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92
Damage to
Staircase
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93
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94
Damage to
Elevators
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95
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96
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97
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98
Typical
features
of
damages
in
masonry
building
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99
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100
Effect of
Earthquake on
Code Designed
Structures
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101
102
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103
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104
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105
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106
Column Shear
Pushover
Analysis
Showing Hinge
Result
Y. Singh & Phani Gade
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
D.H. Lang & E. Erduran
NORSAR, International Centre of Geohazards (ICG), Kjeller, Norway
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107
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Important Definition
108
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Important Definition
For what kind of Structure T=0?
T1<T2<T3<T4
Infinitely rigid structure; Deformation is zero
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109
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum
response(Acceleration,
Velocity,
Displacement) of idealized SDOF system
having certain period and damping during
earthquake ground motion
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110
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
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111
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example
El Centro ground motion
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112
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
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113
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Displacement
Response
for
an
damping of 2 percent
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114
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Pseudo-Velocity
Response
for
an
damping of 2 percent
Strain
Energy
Stored in the system
during earthquake
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115
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
PseudoAcceleration
Response for an
damping
of
2
percent
Peak value of
Base Shear
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116
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Chi Chi
Earthquake
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117
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Construction of Response Spectrum
1.Define the ground acceleration; typically the
ground motion ordinates for every 0.02 Sec or
0.005 Sec or 0.1 Sec
2.Select the natural vibration period
and
damping ratio of a SDF system
3.Compute the deformation of this SDF system
due to the ground motion (Using Numerical
Method)
4.Determine u(0) the peak value of u(t)
5.The spectral ordintes are D=u(0), pseudovelocity and pseudo-acceleration
6.Repeat step 2 to 5 for a range of natural
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ST2102 ASEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
118
vibration period
and damping ratio
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Computing Deformation Numerical Method
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119
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation
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Method
on
Interpolation
of
120
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation
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Method
on
Interpolation
of
Problem in Dynamics
of structures by Anil
K. Chopra
Third Edition
Page No: 205
121
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example Excitation
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Method
on
Interpolation
of
122
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum
Combained D-V-A
response
spectrum for El
Centro
ground
motion for an
damping
percentage of 0,
For what this use of this graph
2, 5, 10 and 20%
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123
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum
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124
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Combined D-V-A Spectrum
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125
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
How the Code Response Spectrum is
obtained??
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126
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Normalization of earthquake response spectra
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127
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History
1.2
1
0.8
Imperial Valley
0.6
Morgan Hill
0.4
Loma Prieta
Northridge
0.2
Chi Chi
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time(Sec)
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128
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History
1.2
1
0.8
Imperial Valley
0.6
Morgan Hill
Loma Prieta
0.4
Northridge
0.2
Chi Chi
Average
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time(Sec)
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129
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Example - Spectrum Compatible Time History
Codal Spectral
Acceleration Zone
V Soil Type I
Spectral Acceleration
(g)
Average
Time (Sec)
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130
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Significant and Uses
Convenient and practical way to find the
acceleration, velocity or displacement
Practical way to apply the knowledge of
structural dynamics to determine the lateral force
and to design of structures
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131