CHNG TRNH MN HC

Chng 1 Gii thiu chung v k thut o lng

in t
Chng 2 nh gi sai s o lng
Chng 3 Quan st v o lng dng tn hiu
Chng 4 - o tn s, khong thi gian v di
pha
Chng 5 - o in p
Chng 6 - o cng sut
Chng 7 - o cc tham s iu ch v c tnh
ph ca tn hiu
Chng 8 - o cc thng s ca mch in

Chng1
Giithiuchungv
kthutolngint
1.1. i tng ca o lng in t
1.2. Cc khi nim c bn v o lng in t

1.1.itngcaolngint.

Cc phng php o lng thng

s ca tn hiu v mch in
nh :
+ o cng ca tn hiu
(dng in, in p, cng
sut...), quan st dng tn hiu,
o tn s, di pha, phn tch
ph ca tn hiu

1.1.itngcaolngint.

+ o thng s mch (in tr, t

in, n in t, n bn dn,
cc IC, cc mch tch hp...) tn
s thp th o u, i; tn s cao
th phi o P v cc phng
tin o cng khc nhau).

1.1.itngcaolngint.

Cc phng tin, dng c o.

- chnh xc ca php o
- Cc i tng ca o lng in
t bao gm:
+ Cc c tnh v thng s ca
tn hiu.
+ Cc tham s v c tnh ca
mch in t.
-

1.1.1.Ccctnhvthngs
catnhiu.
Dng ca cc tn hiu c bn
- Tn hiu iu ho
- Tn hiu tun hon
- Tn hiu xung
- Tn hiu s

1.1.1.Ccctnhvthngs
catnhiu.
a/ Cch biu din tn hiu.
- Theo thi gian: s = f(t) = f(t, a1,
a2,...,an)
- Theo tn s s = (f)= (f, b1, b2,... bn)

Sm =
Am

t
()

(2)

b/

Cc thng s ca cc dng
tn hiu.

* Tn hiu iu ho: M phng ting

ni, m nhc, c dng sin(cos)
s(t) = Am sin(2ft + 0) = Amsin(t + )
- Cc dng c o:
A(Am): dng vn mt, ampemt
f(): dng tn s mt hay my o sng
: pha-mt

Tn hiu tun hon:

s(t) = s(t+nT) vi - < t < + v T = 1/F
s(t) = s= + s~
trong

s=

1
=T

t T

s(t )dt
t

1
s( t )dt

=
T0

At= Atrn + Adi

u 2 (t) 2
p(t) = R i ( t ).R
T

shd

1 2
s ~ ( t )dt

T0

1
1 2
1 2
p
(
t
)
dt

u
(
t
)
dt

i ( t )dt

v
T0P= T0
T0

2
v hdP =

Cc dng c o:
s-: dng vn mt, ampemet mt chiu
s~: dng thit b tch ring ra (qua t
in, bin p) ri o cc thng s
Atrn, Adi: dng vn mt, ampemet
nh
P: Dng oatmet

Cc

gi tr tc thi v dng tn hiu dng

xil
C th o da vo nguyn l sau: Mi dao
ng tun hon u c th phn tch
thnh tng ca thnh phn mt chiu vi
v s cc dao ng iu ho.
s(t) = s= + A1sin(t+1) + A2sin(t+2)+ ...
+ Ansin(t+n)
(*)
trong cc thnh phn hnh sin gi l
cc sng hi.
Vi tn hiu dao ng cn c thng s f
[Hz] l b rng ph (l di tn s trn
phn b cc vch ph ca dao ng).

Tn hiu xung:

Xung c nhiu loi: xung n, nhm

xung, nhm xung ct, dy xung tun
hon.
- Xung n: l u (hay i) m gi tr ca
n ch khc khng trong mt khong
thi gian hu hn. b
c

Am

Am

ng

Am

Am/
d 2

Nhm xung: L tp hp ca mt s
xc nh cc xung n cng dng
cch u nhau.
1

....

Am

t
T

Tn

Nhm xung ct:

Cc xung trong nhm c th khng

cng mt dng v khong cch gia
chng l ty , nhng s xung, dng v
cc gi tr khc ca mi xung c
cho chnh xc.
Khi tnh khong cch gia cc xung ta
tnh t im cc sn trc t ti
1/2 bin .

Dy xung tun hon:

L s lp li mt cch u n (chu
k T) xung n c dng no

Cc dng c o thng s:

Dng cc vnmt nh (vn mt

xung), my o thi gian, my o
tn s lp li, cc dao ng k xung
c cc khi chun thi gian, chun
bin theo c 2 trc X v Y.
- To tn hiu xung bng cc my pht
xung c nhiu u ra ring bit
ly ra cc xung khc nhau, c c cu
iu chnh nh cc my pht tn
hiu iu ho.

Tn hiu s:

tn hiu mang thng tin dng s

nh phn (0 v 1). nh ngha cc
bit 0 v 1 c nhiu cch (Dng mc
in p: 0 ng vi mc thp (00,5V), 1
ng vi mc cao (4,5 5V) v c th ng
c li). Tn hiu s thng c dng xung
vung.

Khi

truyn tn hiu s, dng cc ph

ng php m ho v dng ca tn hiu
s khc nhau tu theo phng php m
ho.

1.1.2.Ccthamsvctnhcamch
int.

a/ Mch tuyn tnh.

- Gm cc phn t c gi tr khng
ph thuc vo dng in chy qua
n v mch c th p dng nguyn
l xp chng: R,C,L, n in t
v bn dn lm vic on ng
thng ca c tuyn.
-Tu theo tn s ca tn hiu c 2
nhm: phn t tp trung v phn
t phn b.

1.1.2.Ccthamsvctnhca
mchint.
R, L, C coi l mng 2 cc, cc thng
s ca mng 2 cc l gi tr ca R,
L, C.
-Mc ni tip, song song hay hn
hp cc phn t R, L, C ta s c
mang 4 cc. c trng cho mng
4 cc, dng Z() = R() + jX()
-Trng hp ring ca mch 4 cc l
L/C
mch dao ng (mch cng hng)
Q = /R
v
=

1.1.2.Ccthamsvctnhca
mchint.
o dng my o R, L, C v Z v h s
phm cht (Q-mt)
- c tnh thi gian v c tnh tn s 0 t 0

- Khi tm c tnh thi gian: Dng hm n

1 t0
v 1(t) =
C th quan st trn mn ng tia in t . T
c tnh qu ny c th tnh hng s thi
gian, h s phm cht Q v tn s cng hng
ca mch.
Am 2
- Khi tm c tnh
tn s: u1(t) = Am1 sin

Am 1 1
(2ft + 1)
2
u ra s l: u2(t) = Am2 sin (2ft +
2)
A(f) =
c tnh
bin tn s

b/

Mch phi tuyn.

Gi tr cc linh kin ph thuc vo dng qua n
nn khng dng khi nim thng s ca bn thn
n.
Theo nh lut m, u khng t l thun vi i, kh
tnh ton v s dng.
Mch phi tuyn khng th thiu trong k thut
in t: dng thc hin cc bin i (iu
ch, tch sng, nhn v chia tn s, to dao
ng v hn ch...)
Quan st v nghin cu c tuyn V - A ca cc
phn t phi tuyn nh my v c tuyn (V d:
my v c tuyn n in t v bn dn).

1.2Cckhinimcbnv
olngint.

1.2.1.Khinimolng.

nh ngha: o lng l khoa hc v cc php o,

cc phng php v cc cng c m bo cho chng,
cc phng php t c chnh xc mong
mun.
- Cc hng nghin cu chnh ca o lng:
+ L thuyt chung v php o
+ n v vt l v h thng ca chng
+ Phng php v cng c o
+ Phng php xc nh chnh xc ca php o
+ Bo m thng nht gia php o v cc cng c
thc hin
+ Cng c o chun v barem
+ Phng php chuyn n v o t cng c chun
hoc gc ra cng c lm vic.

1.2Cckhinimcbnv
olngint.
1.2.1.Khinimolng.
-

Vy 4 bc chnh ca php o l:
+ Thit lp n v vt l (to mu)
+ Biu din tn hiu o
+ So snh tn hiu o vi n v c ly lm
chun
+ Ghi nhn kt qu so snh

1.2.2.Ccphngphpvbin

php
olngcbn.

a/ Cc phng php o.
- o trc tip: Dng my o

hay cc mu
o (cc chun) nh gi nh lng
i lng o. Kt qu o c l tr s
ca i lng cn o Php o thc hin
n gin, nhanh chng v loi tr c
cc sai s do tnh ton.

V d: Dng (A) o I, (V) o U,

() o R, (W) o P, (Hz) o f....

1.2.2.Ccphngphpvbin

php
olngcbn.

o gin tip: kt qu o c khng

phi l tr s ca i lng cn o m l
cc s liu c s tnh ra tr s ca
i lng ny. Thng trnh o gin tip
v phi tin hnh nhiu php o, khng
bit ngay kt qu m cn phi tnh ton,
c nhiu sai s. Nhng mt s trng
hp bt buc phi dng phng php ny.

V d: Dng (V) v (A) o P,

R

1.2.2.Ccphngphpvbinphp

olngcbn.

o tng quan: khi cn o cc qu trnh

phc tp m khng th thit lp mt quan h
hm s no gia cc i lng l cc thng s
ca 1 qu trnh nghin cu. Khi o cn t nht
2 php o m thng s t cc kt qu o
khng ph thuc ln nhau. Php o c thc
hin bi cch xc nh khong thi gian v
kt qu ca mt s thut ton c th nh
c tr s ca i lng thch hp. chnh xc
c xc nh bng di khong thi gian
ca qu trnh xt.
V d: o tn hiu u vo v ra ca mt
h thng.

- Cc phng php khc:

+ o thay th: php o tin

hnh 2 ln (vi i l
ng cn o v mu), ri iu chnh c
kt qu nh nhau.
+ o hiu s: nh gi hiu s ca i lng o
vi mu.
+ o vi sai (ch th khng, b): Thng dng
trong cc mch cu hay mch b.
+ o thng: Kt qu o c ly trc tip trn
thang ca thit b ch th (s khc
c ly chun trc vi i lng mu cng loi
i lng o).
+ o ri rc ho (ch th s): i lng cn o
c bin i thnh cc tn hiu xung ri rc. Tr
s i lng ny c tnh bng s xung tng
ng.

 b/

Phn loi my o.
* My o cc thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu
- S khi:
Thit b
Mch
Thit b
u vo
vo

bin i

ch th

y(t)

Ngun
cung cp

Tn hiu cn o c a ti u vo ca my
x(t)
+ Mch vo: Truyn tn hiu t u ni vo b bin
i.
Thng l b khuch i c tr khng vo cao, c th
phi hp tr khng gia mch bin i c tr khng
thp vi tr khng ra c tr s cao ca i tng o.
+ Thit b bin i: B phn ch yu l so snh
hay phn tch dng to tn hiu cn thit so
snh n vi tn hiu mu.

 b/

Phn loi my o.
* My o cc thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu
- S khi:
u vo
y(t)

Mch
vo

Thit b
bin i

Ngun
cung cp

Thit b
ch th

Thit b ch th: biu th kt qu o di dng thch

hp vi gic quan giao tip ca con ngi, ca tin tc a
vo b phn hiu chnh, tnh ton...
Thng l cc ng h o in ch th bng kim (loi t
in), ng tia in t, h thng n ch th s, ng
nghe, b ghi, b ghi hnh, thit b nh...
+ Ngun cung cp: Cung cp nng lng cho my v l
ngun to tn hiu chun.
- Cc loi my nhm ny thc hin theo phng php o
trc tip, kt qu o c th c thng hoc so snh vi
mu.
V d: Vnmt in t, tn s mt, dao ng k in
t, my phn tch ph, phn tch hm tng quan...

My o c tnh v thng s mch

in.
- S khi:
Ngun
tn
hiu
Ngun
cung
cp

i tng
o
Thit
b ch
th

(a)

Ngun
tn
hiu

Mch
o

i tng
o

Thit
b ch
th

(b)

Mch cn o c th l mch 2 cc, 4

cc v cc phn t ca mch in t.
c im ca my o l cu to gm c
ngun tn hiu v thit b ch th.
Gm c: My o c tnh tn s, c
tnh qu , h s phm cht, o in
cm, in dung, in tr, my th n
in t, bn dn v IC...

* My to tn hiu o lng.

Dng lm ngun tn hiu chun,

nghin cu v iu chnh thit b.

V d: Khi cn khc my, o cc

thng s ca tn hiu bng cch so snh,
khi v c tuyn thc nghim...
- S khi:
B to sng
ch

B bin i

B iu ch

Ngun cung
cp

Mch ra

Thit b o

x(t)

* My to tn hiu o lng.
+ B to sng ch: L b phn

ch yu, xc
nh c tnh ch yu ca tn hiu nh dng
v tn s dao ng. Thng to sng hnh sin
hay xung cc loi.
+ B bin i: Nng cao mc nng lng hay
tng thm xc lp ca dng tn hiu. Thng
l b KU, KP, b iu ch, thit b to xung.
+ Mch ra: iu chnh mc tn hiu ra, bin
i tr khng ra ca my. Thng l b suy
gim (b phn p), bin p phi hp tr khng.
+ Thit b ch th kim tra thng s ca
tn hiu u ra. Thng l vn mt in t,
o cng sut, o h s iu ch, o tn s...
+ Ngun cung cp: cho cc b phn. Thng
bin i in p (~) ca li thnh (=) c
n nh cao.

* Cc linh kin o lng:

- Gm linh kin l, ph thm

to mch

o cn thit.
- C tiu chun cao lm vt mu (R, L, C
mu) hoc ghp gia cc mch o.
Hay dng mch siu cao tn nh b suy
gim, b dch pha, phn mch nh
hng...

1.3.TNG KT
*itngcaolngint.

- Cc c tnh v thng s ca tn hiu.

- Cc tham s v c tnh ca mch in t.
*Cckhinimcbnvolngint.
- Khi nim o lng.
- Cc phng php v bin php o lng c bn.
+ Cc phng php o.
o trc tip
o gin tip
o tng quan
+Phn loi my o.
My o cc thng s v c tnh ca tn hiu
My o c tnh v thng s mch in.
My to tn hiu o lng.
Cc linh kin o lng:

1.4.Cuhitholun.
1.1.

i tng ca o lng in t l g?
Trnh by cc c tnh v thng s ca
tn hiu v ca mch in t?
1.2. Trnh by cc khi nim c bn trong
o lng in t? nh ngha php o
v nu cc phng php o lng?