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Conflict Resolution in Aceh

By:
David Raja Marpaung S.IP, M.Def

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 1
Structure


Conflict Timeline

Helsinki MoU

Strategic Analysis
 Conflict Stages and Response
 Peace Agenda
 Key Challenges

Generation of Alternatives

Recommendation

Discussion

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 2
Conflict Timeline


Daud Beurueh Movement (1953-1959)

Part of Indonesia Islamic Army (DI/TII

Motive : Islamic State / Structure in Indonesia

Solved by dialogue : Sukarno promises Islamic Sharia law to be
implemented in Aceh  not until 2000s

1976 Hasan Tiro declared the Aceh State's Independence

Motive : ethnonationalist, inequality

Quick Military Response by RI Gov, GAM was crushed in 1979

GAM political leadership fled the country

Libya training started in 1986

1989 GAM reappeared in Aceh

Libyan graduates recruit and train hundreds more

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 3
Conflict Timeline


1989-1998 Aceh as DOM

Heavy handed COIN operations

1991, GAM is uprooted militarily
:
 Political leadership intact (exiled)
 Safe haven in Malaysia
 Young generation of GAM sympathizer

1998 Fall of Suharto

RI Gov start decentralization
policy : little effect on inequality
issue

1999 East Timor Independence →
referendum

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 4
Conflict Timeline

Sep 2000 – Jan 2001 Humanitarian Pause

2001 Megawati initiates talk with GAM
and granted special autonomy for Aceh
 70% in Revenue Sharing
 National Flag and anthem for Aceh
 Islamic Sharia Law

2002 CoHA Agreement

2003 Peace Talks failed, Megawati declares
Martial Law in July 2003

26th December 2004 Tsunami

15th August 2005 Helsinki MoU

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 5
The Helsinki Mou

 Political & Legal


o Aceh will have authority in all fields, except on
foreign affairs, external defence, national security,
monetary and fiscal matters, justice and freedom of
religion
o International agreement, administrative measures,
decision regarding Aceh will be taken in consultation
and with the consent of legislature of Aceh
o Local political party to take part in election
o Aceh has the right to use regional symbols including a
David Raja Marpaung. Lecture
flag, a crest University
and aofhymnIndonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 6
The Helsinki MoU

 Security
o GAM will surrender their weapons
o Non organic troops and police are to be withdrawn
 Economy
o 70% revenue of Aceh's Natural Resource goes back to
Aceh
o Aceh has the right to conduct trade and business
internally and internationally
o Aceh has the right to raise funds with external loans

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 7
The Helsinki MoU

 Aceh Monitoring Mission


o As monitoring and arbitration body on the implementation of Helsinki
Accord
 Social & Justice
o Amnesty and reintegration
o Benefit & reintegration for combatants, prisoner and victims
o Human Rights
o A HR court will be established in Aceh
o A Commission for Truth and Reconciliation will be
established for Aceh by the Indonesian Commission of
Truth and Reconciliation with the task of formulating and
determining reconciliation measures.

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 8
Strategic Analysis

 Conflict Stages and Response


 Peace Agenda Evaluation
 Key Challenges

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 9
Conflict Stages and Response

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 10
Peace Agenda Evaluation
Agenda Events / Program
Peace Keeping  
  Disarmament and Security Sector Reform GAM Disarmament, Non Organic Troops Pulled out
Confidence Building and Security Enhancing
  Measures AMM
  Security in community through police training Not Visible
Elite Peace Making  
Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006), Aceh Local
  Electoral and Constitutional Reform Election
  Powersharing and decentralization Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006)
  Problem Solving Workshop AMM, FKK
Structural Peace Building  
  Collective Security and Cooperation Arrangement Helsinki MoU, Law On Governing Aceh (2006)
  Economic Resource Cooperation and Development Development by RI Gov and donors, Weak Coordination
Cultural Peace Building  
  Commission of Truth and Reconciliation Not Visible
  Peace Media Development Weak
  Peace and Conflict Education and Training Weak
  Cultural Exchange and Initiatives Symbolic, Weak

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 11
Key Challenges

 Politics
 Lack of trust & confidence
 Lack of strategy in handling Aceh’s new phase of peace and
development (go beyond reconstruction & reintegration to
conflict transformation & long term development)
 Political support for peace plan is susceptible to change of
President
 Diffusion of responsibilities and leadership
 Weak FKK organization as body of communication and dispute
resolution after AMM is disbanded
 Security
 New form of violence is taking over
 Ineffective reintegration programs of combatants
David Raja Marpaung. Lecture
University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 12
Key Challenges
 Economy & Development
 Not many jobs created, even with the huge
international funds
 Lack of capacity and transparency within local gov to
absorb funds for productive economy
 Loss of competitiveness due to massive inflow of
funds
 Corruption and entittlement culture
 Social and Justice
 HR Court,Truth & Reconciliation Comission not yet
established
David Raja Marpaung. Lecture
University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 13
Generation of Alternative

 Multiple Approach
Top
Leaders

Middle-level
Leaders

Grassroots
leaders

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 14
Multiple Approach

Addressing the economic


inequality in Aceh

Healing the hearts and


minds of the Aceh people

Addressing the security


need of the Aceh people

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 15
Recommendation

Politics:
o Both side must continue to show gesture for confidence building, for example
GAM must show their commitment to RI and give up their separatist ideology by
disbanding GAM and stop GAMinization of Aceh Gov. RI must speed up the full
implementation of MoU Helsinki points.
o There should be a clear strategy and role among RI Gov bodies on Aceh for
implementation of Helsinki and Law on Governing Aceh to ensure lasting peace
o International community must also monitor both RI and GAM commitment to
the peace process.
o Strengthening of FKK as RI-GAM forum for peace
Security
o Enforcement of Rule of Law : Police, Penal dan Justice reform
o Quick reaction on the violence by spoilers group

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 16
Recommendation

Economy & Development:


o Boost development & economy to enhance security
o Capacity building and corruption eradication in all bodies involved in
reconstruction (Aceh Gov, NGO, donor, etc) – civil society can play role
Social & Justice :
o Settle the HR violation on both side through HR court and Reconciliation
comission
o Fostering the growth of Civil Society
o Engaging the cultural peace building agenda, such as :
o culture & identity – being Acehnese and being Indonesian  Track I
(limited) Track II & III diplomacy & education
o Education reform
o Peace Media development

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 17
Summary
 Absence of strategy and lack of coordination of
RI Gov is the most pervasive challenge
 The stake is getting higher, so the peace
process need all the help it can get
 It takes two to make peace, but it takes only
one side to start war.

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 18
DISCUSSION

David Raja Marpaung. Lecture


University of Indonesia, also Indonesia
Politic and Defense Consultant. Email:
davidrajamarpaung@gmail.com 19

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