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Lens

Week 21

Debjani Goswami
07/02/2016

Learning Objective
LENS
CONVERFING AND DIVERGING
LENS
CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS
LENS FORMULA

Learning Outcome
Know the uses of lens
Compare convex and concave lenses
Draw the ray diagram for different positions of the
Solve problems by using lens formula

Optic
s
The overall study of how light behaves is called optics.
The branch of optics that focuses on the creation of
images is called geometric optics, because it is based
on relationships between angles and lines that
describe light rays.

Lense
s
A lens is a piece of
transparent material,
such as glass or
plastic, that is used
to focus light and
form an image.
A lens is an optical
device that is used to
bend light in a specific
way.
Each of a lenss two
faces might be either
curved or flat.

Types of Lens:

Convex and Concave


Lenses

Converging and diverging le


Convex lenses are thicker
in the middle and thus they
converge light rays.
Concave lenses are thinner
in the middle and thus they
diverge light rays.
Click

Convex Lense
The lens shown in the
figure is called a convex
lens because it is thicker
at the center than at the
edges.
A convex lens often is
called a converging lens
because when surrounded
by material with a lower
index of refraction, it
refracts parallel light rays
so that the rays meet at a
point.

Concave Lenses
The lens shown in the
figure is called a concave
lens because it is thinner
in the middle than at the
edges.

A concave lens often is


called a diverging lens
because when surrounded
by material with a lower
index of refraction, rays
passing through it spread
out.

Lense
s

converging lens
bi-convex
has two convex surfaces

diverging lens
bi-concave
has two concave
surfaces

Converging
Lens
The focal point of a
curved mirror was the
image point of a distant
star
It is the same for a lens
The focal point of a
converging lens is where
the incoming rays from a
distant star all intersect. Focal distance
A distant star is used to
guarantee that the
incoming rays are parallel

Focal point

Ray diagrams for


lenses

Ray diagrams are drawings of the


different situations for lenses.

For the ray diagrams, assume


that the lenses are thin.

Converging Lens
Principal
focus or Focal
point

Principal axis

Optical centre
Focal plane
Focal length

More about convex lens


Thepoleof the lens is the centre of the lens. Rays drawn passing through this point are not
diverted, they continue in a straight line.
Thefocal lengthof a lens is the distance between the pole of the lens and the focal
pointORthe perpendicular distance between the axis of the lens and the focal plane.
Thefocal point or principal focusof a convex lens is point through which rays of light
travelling near to and parallel to the principal axis pass after refraction by the lens. (The
point all emerging rays pass through).
Thefocal point or principal focusof a concave lensis point from which rays of light
travelling near to and parallel to the principal axis seem to emerge from after refraction by
the lens. (The point all emerging rays can be 'traced back ' through).

Convex Lenses and Real


Images
After being refracted
by the lens, the rays
converge at the focal
point, F, of the lens.
The figure shows two
focal points, one on
each side of the lens.
You could turn the lens
around, and it will work
the same.

Ray Diagram

Lense
The characteristicss
of the image

formed by a converging lens depend upon the location of


the object.
There are six "strategic" locations where an object may be
placed.
For each location, the image will be formed at a different
place and
with different characteristics. We will illustrate the six
different
locations and label them as CASE-1 to CASE-6.
Case-1: Object at infinity
Case-2:
Case-3:
Case-4:
Case-5:

Object
Object
Object
Object

just beyond 2 F
at 2F
between 2F and F
at F

Case-6: Object within focal length (f)


Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-1 : Object at infinity

Infinity simply means


far away.

No image
Object
NOTE
Since the object is at infinity,
all rays arrive parallel.

No image formed

(All rays pass through F)


Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-2 :

Object

Object just beyond

NOTE
In order to establish
2F
an image point, all
we need are two
Note-1
intersecting
rays.
Note-2
A ray thatNote-3
comes parallel
AAray
that
through
the
ray
thatgoes
goesthrough
throughF.
F
is refracted
vertex
goes right
through.
is refracted
parallel.
Image

Image is real (formed by refracted rays)


Inverted (upside down)
Reduced (smaller than object)
Located between F and 2F

This ray is extra


in locating the
image.
Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-3 :

Object at 2F

Object

Again:
In order to establish
an image point, all
we need are two
intersecting rays.
Image

Image is real (formed by refracted rays)


Inverted (upside down)
Same size as object
Located at 2F

This ray is extra.

Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-4 :

Object between 2F and F

Object

Image is real (formed by refracted rays)


Inverted (upside down)
Magnified (larger than object)
Located beyond 2F

Image

Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-5 :

Object at F

Object

No image

No image is formed
(rays refract parallel)
Click

Convex or Converging Lens


CASE-6 :

Object is within focal length

Image

Image is virtual

(formed by extended rays)

Object

Upright
Magnified

Located on same side as


object
Click

Image formed by lens


Object distance

Type of image

Uses

u=

Inverted, smaller, real

Telescope

u > 2f

Inverted, smaller, real

Camera, eye

u = 2f

Inverted, same size, real

Photocopier

f < u < 2f

Inverted, magnified, real

Projector

u=f

upright, magnified, real

Spotlight

u<f

upright, magnified, virtual

Magnifying glass

Sign Convention
All distances are measured from the
optical centre of the lens.
The distances measured from the optical
centre in the direction of incident light
are taken as positive.
The distances measured from the optical
centre against the direction of the
incident light are taken as negative
The distance measured upward and
perpendicular to the principal axis are
taken as positive
The distances measured downward and
perpendicular to the principal axis are
taken as negative.

Important points for measuring


distances for :
A convex lens when a real image
is formed :
The distance of the object from
the optical centre (u) is always
negative.
The distance of the image from
the optical centre (v) is always
positive.

Important points for measuring


distances for :
A convex lens when a virtual image
is formed :
The distance of the object from the
optical centre (u) is always
negative.
The distance of the image from the
optical centre (v) is always negative.

Lens formula derivation

Let AB represent an object placed at right angles to


the principal axis at a distance greater than the focal
length f of the convex lens. The image A 1B1is formed
beyond 2F2and is real and inverted.
OA = Object distance = u
OA1= Image distance = v
OF2= Focal length = f

Magnification
Magnification (m) is simply the image
height divided by the object height.

Power of a lens
The powerPof a lens is the inverse of its focal
lengthf.
Sincefis measured in meters 'm' the units of lens
power are m-1.
The power also depends on the type of
lens.Convexlenses have positivepowers,
whileconcavelenses all havenegative powers.
For example, a 10 cm focal length convex lens has a
power of +10 m-1; while a 20 cm focal length concave
lens has a power of -5 m-1.

Exercise
1.An object 25 cm away from a lens produces a
focused image on a film 15 cm away. What is
the focal length of the converging lens? (9.4
cm)
2.If the focal length of the lens in your camera is
2 cm, at what distance must objects be placed
so that a focused image is produced on a piece
of film set 3 cm from the lens? (6 cm)

Exercise
An object whose height is 0.10 m is placed
1.0 m from the focal point of a converging
lens whose focal length is 0.50 m.

Determine the height of the image.

Practice
Construct a ray diagram to locate the image formed by the lens
illustrated below.
This is the symbol for a converging lens
Top (object) point
Bottom (image) point

Bottom (object) point

Image

Top (image) point


Click

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