HIST ORY

ASSIGN MENT- I

SUBMITTED TO :AR. DEEPSHIKA JINDAL

SUBMITTED BY:GEETANSH KOHLI
13025006008

The INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION
TIME LINE
2100

2000

1900

1800

1800

1700

1700

2008

Growth of heavy industry brought a

flood of new building materials cast
iron, steel, and glass

The industrial revolution

began in england about 1760
Architects and engineers devised
structures hitherto undreamed of in
function, size, and form.

Radical changes at every level

of civilization throughout the
world

13025006008

INTRODUCTION

The swift development of architectural

technique and form in this century has
roots that go as far back as the 18th
century.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT : Enhanced
the significance and the social status
of every citizen. Fundamental change
in political culture.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :

spreads from England to Europe and
North America, created a new type of
worker : the wage-laborer or
proletarian, who earn hard living in the
numerous factories.

19TH CENTURY : An era of

revolutionary changes affecting every
aspects of life.

13025006008

NEW INVENTIONS

THE STEAM ENGINE : Invented by

James Watt in 1785, whose
proliferation into newly built machine
shop and iron foundries engendered
an appropriate type of building.

AMOS BEAM ENGINE 1867

13025006008

NEWINVENTIONS

THE RAILWAY : A meaningful symbol

of the new age which in turn had
consequences for architecture stations, bridges, tunnels.
The Rocket : 1829,
George & Robert
Stephenson

Locomotive : 1813, Christopher Blackett

13025006008

OTHERNEWINVENTIONS

Quadricycle : 1896,
Henry Ford

Motorwagen : 1888, Carl Benz

Singer sewing machine :

1870

Remington Typewriter No
10: 1907

13025006008

IRONSTEELGLASS&CONCRETE

New materials were increasingly used.

Cast iron, an essentially brittle
Wrought iron, which is forty times as
material, is approximately four times
resistant to tension and bending as
as resistant to compression as stone.
stone, is only four times heavier. It can
be form and molded into any shape.
Structures consisting of metal
columns and girders no longer
needed walls for their statics. This
marked the onset of the most Glass can be manufacture in larger
significant technological revolution in sizes and volumes.
architectural history.
Solid structures could be replaced by
skeleton structures, making it
possible to erect buildings of
almost unrestricted height and
width very quickly, using
prefabricated elements.

Francois hennebique developed the

reinforced concrete construction,
particularly in overcoming the
weakness which existed in previous
reinforced concrete structures.

13025006008

IRON
The Iron Rail Road Station
The Iron Market Place
The Iron Commercial Buildings
The Iron Cultural and Religious
Buildings
The Iron Exhibition Buildings

Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York 18691883

Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York

1869-1883
Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol,
England 1836-1864
Tower Bridge, London

13025006008

It was opened by edward 7th when he was

prince of wales
8 years in construction, using 5 major
contractors and over 400 labourers.
Completed and opened in the year 1894.
Two piers were sunk into the river bed to
support the weight of the bridge.
A massive 11,000 tons of steel used for
the walkways and towers.

TOWER BRIDGE,
LONDON, 1886

, SIR HORACE
JONES

It was designed by william henry barlow

and building work started in 1863.
The station which has a single span roof
of 243 feet length of 689 ft 100 ft above
ground four type AF high friction clamps
fixing is used for roof

ST. PANCRAS
STATION,
LONDON, 1864

; WILLIAM H. BARLOW, R.M. ORDISH2

6

13025006008

WORLDEXPOSITION Paris World Exhibition 1889

Paris World Exhibition 1889

Eiffel Tower, Paris:
Gustave Eiffel

Paris World
Exhibition 1889 :
Machine Hall,
Charles Dutert
(architect) & Victor
Contamin
(engineer).

13025006008

WORLDEXPOSITION Centennial Exhibition 1876

Centennial Exhibition 1876,

Philadelphia, United States

13025006008

WORLDEXPOSITION

Great exhibitions, since their birth in

Londons Hyde Park in 1851, have
served repeatedly as testing grounds
for new architectural ideas .
Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace soon
became the model for other
experiment in iron and glass.
The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton
for the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park,
London. It was afterwards re-erected on Sydenham
Hill, where it stood until accidentally destroyed by
fire in 1936.

Its iron frame was prefabricated in sections and its

glass panels, set into wooden sash-bar, were of
standard 4 feet lengths. In 1851, it was the largest
building ever constructed, with an area of 770,000
sq.ft.

13025006008

WORLDEXPOSITION - Crystal Palace

Floor Plan
Facade

Its iron frame was prefabricated in

sections and its glass panels, set
into wooden sash-bar, were of
standard 4 feet lengths. In 1851, it
was the largest building ever
constructed, with an area of
770,000 sq.Ft.

13025006008

The Industrial Revolution concentrated

labour into mills, factories and mines, thus
facilitating the organisation of
combinations or trade unions to help
advance the interests of working people.
The power of a union could demand
better terms by withdrawing all labour and
causing a consequent cessation of
production. Employers had to decide
between giving in to the union demands at
a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of
the lost production.
The main method the unions used to
effect change was strike action. Many
strikes were painful events for both sides,
the unions and the management. In
England, the Combination Act forbade
workers to form any kind of trade union
from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even
after this, unions were still severely
restricted.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

Strike action

Eventually effective political

organisation for working people was
achieved through the trades unions
who, after the extensions of the
franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to
support socialist political parties that
later merged to became the British
13025006008
Labour Party.

In terms of social structure, the

Industrial Revolution witnessed the
triumph of a middle class of
industrialists and businessmen over a
landed class of nobility and gentry.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

Ordinary working people found

increased opportunities for
employment in the new mills and
factories, but these were often under
strict working conditions with long
hours of labour dominated by a pace
set by machines.
However, harsh working conditions
were prevalent long before the
Industrial Revolution took place. Preindustrial society was very static and
often cruel - child labour, dirty living
conditions and long working hours
were just as prevalent before the
Industrial Revolution

13025006008