ENHANCED REAL TIME IMAGE

SEGMENTATION FOR DETECTING

THE WEEDS IN CROP FIELDS

Supervisor
Dr.U.Karthikeyan
Associate Professor

E.Keerthana
211614405005

AGENDA

INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
FARMERS vs MACHINES
ABSTRACT
PROBLEM STATEMENT
PROPOSED SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
LITERATURE SURVEY
ALGORITHM
MODULES
IMPLEMENTATION

INTRODUCTION

In India, there are 65-70% farmers. Agricultural land was

lastly measured around 60.3% in 2014 .

Identifying all the weeds on a farm is not easy.

In modern agriculture, the chemical spraying is used to
remove weeds on the fields .
The practical solution for reducing the use of Herbicides,
is to spray only in the area where weed grew.

MOTIVATION
The main use of computers is to replace human effort
and introduce farming machinery.
In order to reduce the use of herbicides.
Use of machinery is economical and time consuming.

FARMERS Vs MACHINES

4.5
4
3.5
Percentage

3
Farmers
Machines

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2003

2006

2008
Years

2010

2012
5

ABSTRACT
In an agricultural industry, the weed and crop identification
and classification are the major technical and economical
importance.
In an image processing technique, an algorithm have been
developed and evaluated for the detection of individual weeds .
Images can be segmented and Threshold for weed detecion
and classification.

Contd
An adjustable algorithm for segmentation of colour image
using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Otsus
thresholding method has been proposed for sorting and
grading weed in the crop field.
The overall process is implemented on MATLAB.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Multiple weeds were not under the surveillance for the
detection, only single weed is detected.
Remote sensing is done through Satellite, which is
expensive and laborious job of weed control.
Image accuracy is very less due to NIR
It could only discriminate crop from weeds with an accuracy
of 98.5% but it would not classify each weeds.
Processing speed is less.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Minimising the use of herbicides that is evenly
distributed among the fields.
Inexpensive use of digital camera sensor.
Time can be consumed by the use of two methods
i) Otsus Algorithm
ii) PCA
Different types of weeds can be classified from the
fields with higher accuracy .
Low processing time , as the use of PCA.
9

ARCHITECTURE

RGB Image

Image
segmentation

Image
Thresholding

Excess green ,Excess GR

Otsu tecnique

Weed &
Crop
seperation

Crop line
Identificatio
n

Check
Threshold
value

PCA
Technique
Classified image

Detected weed

10

LITERATURE SURVEY
S.NO

TOPIC

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

DESCRIPTION

1.

Development of a
Remote sensing-Based
Method to Map
Likelihood of common
Ragweed presence in
Urban Areas
(Ambrosia
artemsiifolia)

Roland
Ngom &
Pierre
Gosselin
(2014)

Common
Ragweed
Ambrosia
artemsiifolia is a plant ,which is
public health concerned and notorius
to human was detected.
Images are standardised by the
following Methods:
i) Multiple vegetation index(NIR)
ii) Statistical analyses
iii) Fuzzy logic functions

2.

Weed and crop

segmentation &
classification
using Area
Thresholding

Su Hnin
Hlaing &
Aung Sue
Khaing
(2014)

Two classification algorithms are

focused for identification.
There are three main parts of proposed
system are segmentation, classification
and error calculation.
11

S.NO
3.

4.

TOPIC
Mapping Bugweed
(Solanum
mauritianum)
Infestations in pinnus
patula plantations
using Hyper spectral
Imagery & support
vector machines
Removal of weeds
using Image
processing :
Technical Review

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

DESCRIPTION

Jonathan Tom The invasive plant known as bugweed

Atkinson,
(Solanum mauritianum) is a notorious
Riyad
invader of forestry plantations in the
Ismail,Mark
eastern parts of South Africa
AISA eagle, recursive feature
Robertson
(2014)
elimination, support vector machines
methods are used
Weeds are extracted from images using
Riya
Desai
image processing and described by
Kruti Desai,
shape, colour and size features
Shaishavi
Here different classification techniques
Desai
(2014)
like SVM, NN, DA and methods like
Otsus, 2G-R-B which were used to
differentiate weeds and crops
12

S.NO

TOPIC

AUTHOR AND
YEAR

DESCRIPTION
Computer Vision System that successfully
discriminated between weed patches and
crop rows under uncontrolled lighting in
real-time.
(Fast Image Processing, FIP), and a slower
& more accurate processing (Robust Crop
Row Detection, RCRD) done for
Segmentation and Detection of weed pixels.

5.

Real time
Image
processing for
crop/weed
discrimination
in Maize fields

Xavier P.BurgosArtizzu, Angela

Ribeiro, Maria
Guijarro,
Gonzalo Pajares
(2012)

6.

Weed
Recognition
using Image
processing
Technique
based on Leaf
parameters

Weed were recognized by using leaf, with its

Kamal N.
Agrawal, Karan
shape and texture based parameters.
Singh, Ganesh C.
Shape features is done through Aspect Ratio,
Bora and
Dongqing Lin.
Bounding Rectangle.
(2012)
Texture features done by Energy, Entropy,
Contrast & Invasive Difference moment.

13

S.NO TOPIC

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

DESCRPITION

7.

Segmentation
Based Image
mining for
Agriculture.

Dr.Hari
Ramakrishna,
T.S.Praveena,
Prof. N.Rama
Devi.
(2012).

Here some of important segmentations

algorithim are used for identifying crop
and weed.
Crop quality evaluation and defect
identification is done by Image
segmentation and otsu algorithm.

8.

Application of
Image Processing
in Agriculture.

Anup Vibhute,
S K Bodhe .
(2012)

Applications of image processing plays a

vital role for Agriculture.
i)Applications Based on Imaging
ii)Application in weed detection
iii)Application in fruit and food
grading

9.

Robust crop &

weed Segmentation
under Uncontrolled
Outdoor
Illumination.

Hong Y. Jeon ,
Lei F. Tian and
Heping Zhu
(2011)

Weed
is detected by Normalised
excessive green, Statistical threshold
value Estimation ,Adaptive image
segmentation,
Artificial Neural
Network.
Accuracy with ANN is 98.5%,
identification but less with 72.6% in
discriminating weed and crop
14

S.NO TOPIC

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

10.

Weed and Corn R. Rasekhi V.

classification by Asadi, A.
Image processing Jafari(2010)
Neural Network
Techniques.

11.

A real time
specific weed
discrimination
system using
Multi level
wavelet
decomposition.

DESCRPITION
weeds commonly grow in corn
fields are considered which are
Convolvulus arvensis,
Chenopodium
album, and Amaranthus retroflexus.
ANN including single and multi layer
perceptrons (MLPs) with various transfer
functions such as MLP-GDM, MLP-RP and
MLP-SCG were used for discriminating
weed and corn

MuhammedH Weed
discrimination
in real time is
ameed Siddiq,
employed
by
Multi-level
Wavelet
Suziah
decomposition.(Daubechis,Symlets,
Sulaiman,
Biorthogonal,Reverse Biorthogonal)
Ibrahim Faye
Classification from crop is evaluated using
& Irshad
Ahmad
Eucledian Distance Method.
(2009)
15

S.NO TOPIC

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

DESCRPITION

12.

Edge based
Red Time
weed
Recognition
system for
selective
Herbicides.

Imran Ahmed,
Awais Adnan,
Muhammad
Islam,
Salim Gul
(2008)

A real time robotic system is developed to

identify and locate the crop using Mision
vision technology and pattern recognition.
The algorithm which is based on Edge
based weed classifier is developed to
classify images.

13.

Real time
specific
weed
recognition
system
using
Histogram
Analysis

Irshad Ahmad,
Abdul
Muhamin
Naeem, and
Muhammad
Islam(2008)

It deals with weed recognition system based

on Histogram Analysis of an image that is
used for the weed classification.
The system shows an effective and reliable
classification of images captured by a video
camera.
The system composes of four main stages:
i)Image capturing,
ii)Image pre-processing,
iii)Feature extractions and
iv)Classification.
16

S.NO

TOPIC

AUTHOR
AND YEAR

DESCRPITION

14.

Detection of
weeds using
Image processing
and clustering

Martin Weis,
Roland
Gerhards
(2008).

The weeds are extracted from images using

image processing and described by shape
features.
A classification based on the features reveals
the type and number of weeds per image.
The selection of prototypes can be supported
by unsupervised classification(clustering).

15.

A vision-Based
method for weed
Identification
through the
Bayesian decision
theory

Alberto
Tellaeche,
Xavier P.
Burgos
Artizzu ,
Gonzalo
Pajares
(2007)

The main contributions in this are:

(1)The combination of the image
segmentation and decision making
processes .
(2)The decision making itself which exploits
a previous knowledge which is mapped
as a priori probability(Bayesian
Estimation).

17

ALGORITHM
Otsus algorithm:
It is used to segment the image by 3D thresholding.
It is a method used for converting grey scale image into
purely binary image.
It is done by calculating a threshold to split pixels into 2
classes.
i) Foreground
ii)Background
PCA:
Converts high dimensional data into low dimensional
data.
Advantage is low noise sensitivity ,Increased efficiency
even in small dimensions,lack of redundancy.
18

MODULES
Module 1:
Step 1: Input image
Initially RGB image was captured using digital cameras.
Step 2: Color space Normalization
original RGB image has been normalized using the range
[0,1] ,thereby we obtain r,g,b components.
Module 2:
Step 1: Segmentation
Segmentation process has been carried out for extracting excess
green, excess green red for identifying vegetation index(live
green plants).
Step 2: Second Thresholding
Second thresholding has been carried to separate both crops
and weeds.
19

Module 3:
Step 1: Area identification
After thresholding area of both crop and weed has been
identified
Step 2: crop row identification
The crop row is detected using straight line equation and on
each crop row by linear regression method.
Module 4:
Step 1: Principal Component Analysis
The main aim of PCA is to classify weed from the crop
Step 2: Classification
Based on the threshold value of weed calculated, it is
differentiated from crops.
20

Screen shot 1:

IMPLEMENTATION

21

Screen shot 2

22

Screen shot 3

23

Screen shot 4

24

REFERENCES
[1] S. Lavania and P. S. Matey, Novel Method for Weed Classification in
Maize Field Using Otsu and PCA Implementation, 2015 IEEE Int. Conf.
Comput. Intell. Commun. Technol., pp. 534537, 2015.
[2] I. Ahmed, I. Ahmed, A. Adnan, M. Islam, and S. Gul, Edge based RealTime Weed Recognition System for Selective Herbicides Edge based Real-Time
Weed Recognition System for Selective Herbicides, no. November 2015, 2008.
[3] A. Vibhute and S. K. Bodhe, Applications of Image Processing in
Agriculture: A Survey, Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 3440, 2012.
[4] A. Xavier P. Burgos - Artizzua , Angela Ribeiroa and C. F. Tellaecheb,
Gonzalo Pajaresc, Improving weed pressure assessment using digital images
from an experience-based reasoning approach, Comput. Electron. Agric., vol.
65, pp. 176185, 2009.
25

Contd
[5] A. J. Ishak, A. Hussain, and M. M. Mustafa, Weed image classification using Gabor
wavelet and gradient field distribution, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.
66, no. 1. pp. 5361, 2009.
[6] M. H. Siddiqi, I. Ahmad, and S. B. Sulaiman, Weed Recognition Based on Erosion
and Dilation Segmentation Algorithm, 2009 International Conference on Education
Technology and Computer. pp. 224228, 2009.
[7] M. You and C. Cai, Weed Seeds Classification Based on PCA, 2DPCA, Columndirectional 2DPCA and (2D)2PCA, 2009 Int. Asia Symp. Intell. 38 Interact. Affect.
Compute., pp. 187190, 2009.
[8] H.-P. Kriegel, M. Schubert, and A. Zimek, Angle-based outlier detection in highdimensional data, Proceeding 14th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowl. Discov. Data Min.
(KDD 08), pp. 444452, 2008.

26

THANK
YOU !

27