Darcy -Weisbach equation use to calculate pressure

drop/head loss through pipe.

Head Loss= f (L/D)(V2/2g)
Head Loss= p1-p2/g
p= f (L/D)(V2/2)
Where f =Friction factor

L= length of pipe
D= dia. Of pipe
V= Velocity of liquid
= density of liquid

Friction Factor and Reynolds no

Friction factor (f ) is decided by flow of fluid.
Reynolds no decide type of flow.
1. Re<= 2100 then f =64/Re
2. 2100<Re<=4000 use Churchill Equation
3. Re>4000 use Colebrook-White Equation
. We can use Moodys chart also to estimate friction
factor.
. For that we need value of pipe roughness.

Churchill Equation

: Pipe Roughness

 Colebrook-White Equation

Also we can use following equations to estimate

approximate value of friction factor

Moody chart

Pipe roughness
Material
Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic

Roughness (mm)
0.0015-0.01

Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New)

>0.0015-0.01

Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth

0.006-0.07

Flexible Rubber Tubing - Wire Reinforced

0.3-4

Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron (New)
Carbon Steel (New)
Carbon Steel (Slightly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Moderately Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Badly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Cement-lined)
Asphalted Cast Iron
Cast Iron (new)
Cast Iron (old, sandblasted)

0.03
0.045
0.02-0.05
0.05-0.15
0.15-1
1-3
1.5
0.1-1
0.25
1

Sheet Metal Ducts (with smooth joints)

0.02-0.1

Galvanized Iron
Wood Stave
Wood Stave, used
Smooth Cement
Concrete Very Smooth
Concrete Fine (Floated, Brushed)
Concrete Rough, Form Marks
Riveted Steel
Water Mains with Tuberculations
Brickwork, Mature Foul Sewers

0.025-0.15
0.18-0.91
0.25-1
0.5
0.025-0.2
0.2-0.8
0.8-3
0.91-9.1
1.2
3

Methods to Calculate head loss/pressure loss

from fittings
3K method
2K method
Equivalent length method

Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd

Fitting

3K Method

Head Loss=
K( V2/2g)

Types
Standard Radius
(R/D = 1)
90 Elbow,
Threaded
Long Radius (R/D =
1.5)
Standard Radius
(R/D = 1)
Long Radius (R/D =
2)
90 Elbow, Flanged
or Welded
Long Radius (R/D =
4)
Long Radius (R/D =
6)
1 weld 90
90 Elbow, Mitered
2 welds 45
3 welds 30
Standard Radius
(R/D = 1)
45 Elbow,
Threaded
Long Radius (R/D =
1.5)
1 weld 45
45 Elbow, Mitered
2 welds 22.5
threaded, closereturn (R/D = 1)
180 Bend
flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D =
1.5)
threaded (r/D = 1)
threaded (r/D =
Tee Through-branch
1.5)
as an Elbow
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
Tee Run-through
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
45, full line size,
=1
Angle valve
90 full line size,
=1
Globe valve
standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through
Plug valve
three-way (flow
through)
Gate valve
standard, = 1
Ball valve
standard, = 1
Diaphragm
dam type

K1

Kd (in0.3)

Kd (mm0.3)

800

0.14

10.6

800

0.071

4.2

11.1

800

0.091

10.6

800

0.056

3.9

10.3

800

0.066

3.9

10.3

800

0.075

4.2

11.1

1000
800
800

0.27
0.068
0.035

4
4.1
4.2

10.6
10.8
11.1

500

0.071

4.2

11.1

500

0.052

10.6

500
500

0.086
0.052

4
4

10.6
10.6

1000

0.23

10.6

1000

0.12

10.6

1000

0.1

10.6

500

0.274

10.6

800

0.14

10.6

800
1000
200
150
100

0.28
0.34
0.091
0.05
0

4
4
4
4
0

10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
0

950

0.25

10.6

1000

0.69

10.6

1500
500
300

1.7
0.41
0.084

3.6
4
3.9

9.5
10.6
10.3

300

0.14

10.6

300
300
1000

0.037
0.017
0.69

3.9
3.5
4.9

10.3
9.2
12.9

2K Method

D:Internal diameter of pipe (Inches)

K :Resistance Coefficient
K1:Resistance Coefficient for fitting at
Re=1
K:Resistance Coefficient for large
fitting at Re=
Re: Reynolds number

Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd

Fitting

Type

Threaded, SR (R/D =
1)
Flanged/Welded, SR
90 Elbow Curved
(R/D = 1)
All Types, LR (R/D =
1.5)
1 Weld (90 Angle)
2 Weld (45 Angle)
90 Elbow Mitered R/D
3 Weld (30 Angle)
1.5
4 Weld (22.5 Angle)
5 Weld (18 Angle)
All Types, SR (R/D =
1)
45 Elbow
All Types LR (R/D =
1.5)
1 Weld (45 Angle)
45 Elbow Mitered
2 Welds (45 Angle)
Screwed, SR (R/D =
1)
Flanged/Welded, SR
180
(R/D = 1)
All Types, LR (R/D =
1.5)
Screwed, SR (R/D =
1)
Screwed, LR
Tee, used as elbow
Flanged/Welded, SR
(R/D = 1)
Stub-in-tpye Branch
Screwed
Tee, Run Through
Flanged/Welded
Stub-in-type Branch
Full Line Size, Beta =
1
Reduced Trim, Beta =
Valves, Gate/Ball/Plug
0.9
Reduced Trim, Beta =
0.8
Globe, Standard
Globe, Angle
Valves
Diaphragm, dam type
Butterfly
Lift
Check Valves
Swing
Tiliting-disk

K1

800

0.4

800

0.25

800

0.2

1000
800
800
800
800

1.15
0.35
0.3
0.27
0.25

500

0.2

500

0.15

500
500

0.25
0.15

1000

0.6

1000

0.35

1000

0.3

500

0.7

800

0.4

800

0.8

1000
200
150
100

1
0.1
0.05
0

300

0.1

500

0.15

1000

0.25

1500
1000
1000
800
2000
1500
1000

4
2
2
0.25
10
1.5
0.5

Equivalent length
Method

Fitting
90 Elbow Curved, Threaded

1. Calculate Equivalent
length with reference to
given chart.
2. Add this length to
straight length and
calculate head
loss/pressure drop.

90 Elbow Curved,
Flanged/Welded

90 Elbow Mitered

45 Elbow Curved. Threaded

Types

(L/D)eq

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

30

Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)

16

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

20

Long Radius (R/D = 2)

17

Long Radius (R/D = 4)

14

Long Radius (R/D = 6)

12

1 weld (90)
2 welds (45)
3 welds (30)

60
15
8

Standard Radius (R/D = 1)

16

Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)

1 weld 45
2 welds 22.5
threaded, close-return (R/D =
1)
flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D = 1.5)
threaded (r/D = 1)
threaded (r/D = 1.5)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch

15
6

45, full line size, = 1

55

90 full line size, = 1

150

standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through

340
90
18

three-way (flow through)

30

Gate valve
Ball valve
Diaphragm

standard, = 1
standard, = 1
dam type

8
3

Swing check valve

Vmin = 35[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2

100

Lift check valve

Vmin = 40[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2

600

Hose Coupling

Simple, Full Bore

45 Elbow Mitered
180 Bend

Tee Through-branch as an
Elbow

Tee Run-through

Angle valve
Globe valve
Plug valve

50

60

20

20

 Example 1. Oil, with = 900kg/m3 and kinematic coefficient

of viscosity = 0.00001m2/s, flows at Q= 0.2m3/s through
500 m of 200-mm diameter cast-iron pipe. Determine (a)
the head loss and (b) the pressure drop if the pipe slopes
down at 10 in the flow direction.

 Example 2. Calculation of Pressure Loss: if fittings are present.

(3K)
Pipe Size: DN100 (4")
Pipe Diameter (Nominal): 4"
Pipe Internal Diameter:102.3 mm
Pipe Length: 50 m Fittings: 3 x 90 long radius (R/D = 2)
flanged elbows Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s
Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m3
Reynolds Number:306,900
Friction Factor: 0.018
Gravitational Acceleration:9.81 m/s

12

13

14

Than
ks