RF based wireless robot

Overview
Radio frequency remote consists of transmitter at the transmitter end and a
receiver at the receiver end connected, which is connected to a remote circuit
that is to be controlled. A control signal is transferred from transmitter end in
the form of electromagnetic waves or radio waves such that to control the
device remotely, which is connected to the receiver end. This control signal is
transmitted using electromagnetic waves or radio waves of radio frequency.
Thus, the control signal received at the receiver end can be used to control any
object such as robotic vehicle, special purpose robot, communication purpose
device, and so on.

Block Diagram

Components Required
L293D

HT12E

HT12D

7805 IC

Motors

RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Resistances

Resistance (1K)

Resistance (39K)

Resistance (10K)

Resistance (680K) 1

POWER SUPPLY
Bridge rectifier

230 V
AC
50
Hz

5V
DC
12V step down
transformer

5v Regulator

Filter(470f)

IC-HT12D

Cont

HT12D

is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders

are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security
system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 2 12 series
of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data
format.
In

simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses

and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The
serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The input data code is
decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high
signal at VT pin.
HT12D

is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4

bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

IC-HT12E

Cont

HT12E

is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of

decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared
circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.

Simply

put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data

into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and
4 data bits.

HT12E

has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin,

the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission
enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder
output

completes

its

final

cycle

and

then

stops.

L293D

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Cont
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive

on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a
single L293D IC.
Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC). here are two Enable pins on l293d.

Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For
driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right HBridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low
then the motor in the corresponding section will suspend working. Its like a switch.

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IC7805

12

Cont
Voltage regulator IC's are the ICs that are used to regulate voltage.
IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V

regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add heat sink.

The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant

steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the
voltage is near to 7.5V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heat sink. If
the voltage input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805.
It regulates a steady output of 5V if the input voltage is in rage of 7.2V to 35V. Hence to

avoid power loss try to maintain the input to 7.2V. In some circuitry voltage fluctuation is
fatal (for e.g. Microcontroller), for such situation to ensure constant voltage IC 7805 Voltage
Regulator is used.
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Resistance

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Cont
Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric

current. It is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of

resistance is the ohm, sometimes written out as a word, and sometimes
symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega. When an electric current
of one ampere passes through a component across which a potential
difference (voltage) of one volt exists, then the resistance of that component
is one ohm.
In general, when the applied voltage is held constant, the current in a direct-

current (DC) electrical circuit is inversely proportional to the resistance.

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RF Module

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Cont
An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used to
transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is
often desirable to communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless
communication may be accomplished through optical communication or through Radio
Frequency (RF) communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF
since it does not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate a transmitter and
or receiver. Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-available RF
modules, including those in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands such
as 433.92 MHz, 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2400 MHz. These frequencies are
used because of national and international regulations governing the used of radio for
communication.

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LED

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Cont
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light

source. It is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated.

When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to

recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy

in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,
and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

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Motor

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Cont
30RPM 12V DC geared motor is high quality low cost DC geared
motor. It is very useful in robotics applications. Very easy to use and
available in standard size. Nut and threads on shaft to easily connect
and internal threaded shaft for easily connecting it to wheel.

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Working Of Project
By using the push buttons of transmitter, we can send commands to the receiver for
controlling the movement of the wireless robotic vehicle. The receiver and two
motors used for movement of robot are interfaced to the microcontroller of the
robotic vehicle. The transmitter encodes the input commands given by the controller
and transmits the encoded data using radio frequency. This encoded data transmitted
from the RF transmitter is received by the receiver at the receiving end, which is
connected to the robotic vehicle. The receiver consists of RF antenna designed to
work over an adequate range of 200 meters. This, receiver after receiving the data
from the transmitter, decodes the data and sends it to another microcontroller for
driving the DC motors using a motor-driver IC to move the robotic vehicle. A laser
pen mounted on the robotic vehicle can be operated using output from the
microcontroller based on the signal received from the transmitter.
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Applications
The movement of Robot is controlled by RF transmitter by sending a specific
command to RF Receiver. This project makes use of the transmitter and
receiver at 433MHz that is available at low cost hence making it very
complicated. The Radio Frequency based control proves to be more
advantageous compared to the Infrared Red based control that limits the
operating range to only a few meters of distance.

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Future Aspects
Control up to 10 Robots from the GUI Application through the Base Station.
Use a secured wireless channel using encryption and decryption.
Consider larger bandwidth system should be onboard because video streaming

service desired.

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Query.??
Ouery???
?
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Thank You
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