DASAR

GENETIKA
POPULASI

Population
genetics

genetic structure of a population

Population
genetics

genetic structure of a population

group of
individuals
of the same
species
that can interbreed

Population
genetics

genetic structure of a population

alleles
genotypes

group of
individuals
of the same
species
that can interbreed

Patterns of genetic variation in populations

Changes in genetic structure through time

Describing genetic
structure

enotype frequencies (Frekuensi gen

llele frequencies (Frekuensi gen)

rr = white
Rr = pink
RR = red

Describing genetic
structure

genotype frequencies
allele frequencies
200 white
500 pink

genotype
frequencies:
200/1000 = 0.2 rr
500/1000 = 0.5 Rr

300 red
total = 1000 flowers

300/1000 = 0.3 RR

Describing genetic
structure

genotype frequencies
allele frequencies
200 rr

= 400 r

500 Rr

= 500 r
= 500 R

300 RR

allele
frequencies:
900/2000 = 0.45 r
1100/2000 = 0.55 R

= 600 R

total = 2000 alleles

for a
population
with
genotypes:

calculate:
Genotype frequencies

100 GG
160 Gg

140 gg

Phenotype frequencies

Allele frequencies

for a
population
with
genotypes:

calculate:
Genotype frequencies

100 GG

100/400 = 0.25 GG
260
0.65
160/400 = 0.40 Gg
140/400 = 0.35 gg

160 Gg

Phenotype frequencies
260/400 = 0.65 green
140/400 = 0.35 brown

140 gg

Allele frequencies
360/800 = 0.45 G
440/800 = 0.55 g

another way to
calculate
Genotype frequencies
allele frequencies:
0.25 GG
100 GG
160 Gg

0.40 Gg
0.35 gg

G 0.25
G0.40/2 = 0.20
g 0.40/2 = 0.20
g 0.35

Allele frequencies
140 gg

360/800 = 0.45 G
440/800 = 0.55 g
OR

[0.25 + (0.40)/2] = 0.45

[0.35 + (0.40)/2] = 0.55

Why is genetic variation

important?

variation

global
warming

survival

EXTINCTION!!
no variation

Why is genetic variation

important?
north

south

variation
north

south

no variation

Why is genetic variation

important?
north

south

divergence

variation
north

south

no variation

NO DIVERGENCE!!

How does genetic structure

change?

How does genetic structure

change?
changes in allele frequencies
and/or genotype frequencies
through time

How does genetic structure

change?

changes in allele frequencies

and/or genotype frequencies
mutation
through time
migration
natural selection
genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

spontaneous change in DNA

migration
natural

creates new alleles

ultimate source of all

selection genetic variation

genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

migration

individuals move into populati

natural selection introduces new alleles

genetic drift
non-random mating

gene flow

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

migration
natural

certain genotypes produce

more offspring

differences in survival
or reproduction
selection
differences infitness

genetic drift

leads to adaptation

non-random mating

Natural
selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant

Natural
selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant

Natural
selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant

mutation!

Natural
selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.68 not resistant
0.32 resistant

Natural
selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.68 not resistant
0.32 resistant
Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant
0.88 resistant

Natural selection can

cause
populations to diverge
north

south

divergence

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

migration

genetic change by chance alon

natural selection
genetic drift

sampling error

non-random mating

misrepresentation
small populations

Genetic
drift
Before:
8 RR 0.50 R
8 rr
0.50 r
After:
2 RR
6 rr

0.25 R
0.75 r

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

migration
natural selection

cause changes in
allele frequencies

genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure

change?

mutation

migration
natural

mating combines alleles

selection
into genotypes

genetic drift

non-random mating
non-random
allele combinations

non-random mating

A A A
A A a
A
A
a
A
A
0.8
A
0.8

a
0.2

AA
0.8 x 0.8

aA
0.2 x 0.8

a
0.2
Aa
0.8 x 0.2

aa
0.2 x 0.2

aa x aa

Aa x Aa

aa

1AA:2Aa:1aa

allele frequencies:
A = 0.8
a = 0.2

genotype frequencies:
AA = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64
Aa = 2(0.8 x0.2) = 0.32
aa = 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04

Terima Kasih