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12-Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
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Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Rates of reactions
The speed of different chemical reactions varies hugely. Some
reactions are very fast and others are very slow.
The speed of a reaction is called the rate of the reaction.
What is the rate of these reactions?
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Reaction
Rate
rusting
slow
explosion
very fast
very slow
fast
rotting fruit
slow
Boardworks Ltd 2005
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=cqSfrhSAA7Y
Please watch this video carefully to answer
the given worksheet
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i.
+
+
carbonate
dioxide
chloride
acid
Note: marble chips contains calcium carbonate
The mass of reactants before, during and after the
reactions
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hydrochloric
magnesium
acid
chloride
hydrogen
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slower
very slow
stopped
0%
25%
75%
100%
reactant A
reactant B
product
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Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Temperature
The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction.
In many reactions, a rise in temperature of 10C causes the
rate of reaction to approximately double.
Why does increased temperature increase the rate of
reaction?
At a higher temperature, particles
have more energy. This means
they move faster and are more
likely to collide with other particles.
When the particles collide, they do
so with more energy, and so the
number of successful collisions
increases.
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Na2S2O3
(aq)
2HCl
(aq)
sodium
chloride
2NaCl
(aq)
sulfur
dioxide
SO2
(g)
sulfur
S
(s)
+ water
+
H 2O
(l)
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increasing time
The time taken for the cross to disappear can be used as the
time of the reaction.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWvf7HUshJY
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True or false?
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Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Increasing concentration
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Concentration
The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the
faster the rate of a reaction.
Why does increased concentration increase the rate of
reaction?
At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the
same amount of space. This means that particles are more
likely to collide with other particles.
low concentration
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high concentration
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magnesium
Mg (s)
magnesium
hydrochloric
chloride
acid
2HCl (aq)
MgCl2 (aq)
hydrogen
H2 (g)
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conical
flask
rubber
connector
gas syringe
rubber bung
hydrochloric
acid
magnesium
ribbon
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Pressure
Why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants
increase the rate of reaction?
As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas
particles are moving becomes smaller.
low pressure
high pressure
The same
number of
particles but in a
smaller space.
Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Surface area
Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the
surface of the solid.
slow
rate
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CaCO3
(aq)
+
+
hydrochloric
acid
2HCl
(aq)
calcium
chloride
CaCl2
(aq)
water
H2O
(aq)
carbon
dioxide
CO2
(g)
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conical
flask
calcium
carbonate
chips
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cotton wool
plug
hydrochloric
acid
weighing
scales
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Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Examples of catalysts
Many catalysts are transition metals or their compounds.
Different reactions use different catalysts. For example:
Nickel is a catalyst in the production of margarine
(hydrogenation of vegetable oils).
Iron is a catalyst in the production of ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen (the Haber process).
Platinum is a catalyst in the
catalytic converters of car
exhausts. It catalyses the
conversion of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxide into the less
polluting carbon dioxide and
nitrogen.
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water
oxygen
2H2O2 (aq)
2H2O (l)
O2 (g)
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Contents
Rates of Reaction
Introduction
Effect of temperature
Effect of concentration
Effect of surface area
Effect of catalysts
Summary activities
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Glossary
activation energy The amount of energy needed for a
reaction to begin.
Increase or decrease?
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Stages of a reaction
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Multiple-choice quiz
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