Ocean Structure

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OUTLINE

Coastal
Structure

Offshore Structure

Port

Coastal Structure
Groyne
Breakwater
Seawall
Jetty

Coastal Structure
A rigidhydraulic structurebuilt from an ocean
shore (incoastal engineering) or from a bank
(in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits
the movement ofsediment. It is usually made
out of wood or concrete. All of a groyne may
be under water, in which case it is
asubmerged groyne. The areas between
groups of groynes aregroyne fields.

Groy
ne

What Groyne Is

Coastal Structure
In the ocean, groynes create beaches or
prevent
them
being
washed
away
bylongshore drift. Ocean groynes run
generally perpendicular to the shore,
extending
from
the
upperforeshoreorbeachinto thewater
In a river, groynes prevent erosionandicejamming, which in turn aids navigation.

Groy
ne

Function

Coastal Structure
A groyne creates and maintains a wide area of beach or
sediment on its updrift side, and reduces erosion on the
other. It is a physical barrier to stopsediment transportin the
direction oflongshore drift. This causes a build-up, which is
often accompanied by accelerated erosion of the downdrift
beach, which receives little or no sand from longshore drift
(terminal groyne syndrome, as it occurs after theterminal
groynein a group of groynes). Groynes do not add extra
material to a beach, but merely retain some of the existing
sediment on the updrift side of the groynes.

Groy
ne

How It Works

Coastal Structure
Groynes can be permeable,
allowing the water to flow
through at reduced velocities,
or impermeable, blocking and
deflecting the current.
Permeable
groynesare
large rocks, bamboo or timber
Impermeable
groynes(solid
groynesorrock
armour
groynes)
are
constructed
using rock, gravel, gabions.

Groy
ne

TYPES OF
GROYNE

By Construction Method

Coastal Structure
by whether they
are submerged
Groynes can be
submerged or not under
normal conditions.
Usually impermeable
groynes are nonsubmerged, since flow
over the top of solid
groynes may cause
severe erosion along the
shanks.

Groy
ne

TYPES OF
GROYNE

Coastal Structure
Groynes can be attracting, deflecting or
repelling.
Attracting groynespoint downstream,
serving to attract the stream flow toward
themselves and not repel the flow
toward the opposite bank. They tend to
maintain deep current close to the bank.
Deflecting
groyneschange
the
direction of flow without repelling it.
They are generally short and used for
limited, local protection.
Repelling groynespoint upstream;
they force the flow away from
themselves. A single groyne may have
one section, for example, attracting, and
another section deflecting.

Groy
ne

TYPES OF By their effect on

GROYNE stream flow

Coastal Structure
with
different
planview
shapes.
Some
examples
include
straight groynes, T head, L
head, hockey stick, inverted
hockey stick groynes, straight
groynes with pier head, wing,
and tail groynes.

Groy
ne

TYPES OF By shape
GROYNE Groynes can be built

Coastal Structure

What Breakwater Is

Brea
k
wate
r

Breakwaters are generally shore-parallel

structures that reduce the amount of
wave energy reaching the protected
area. They are similar to natural bars,
reefs or nearshore islands and are
designed to dissipate wave energy.

Coastal Structure

What Breakwater Is

Brea
k
wate
r

Breakwaters are generally

shore-parallel structures
that reduce the amount
of wave energy reaching
the protected area. They
are similar to natural
bars, reefs or nearshore
islands and are designed
to dissipate wave energy.

Coastal Structure

How It Works

Brea
k
wate
r

Breakwaters work by
disrupting waves and
limiting their impact.
By dispersing their
force, they have less
energy once they
reach the shore

Coastal Structure
Caissons Breakwater
Caissonbreakwaters typically
have vertical sides and are
usually erected where it is
desirable toberthone or more
vessels on the inner face of the
breakwater. They use the mass
of the caisson and the fill within
it to resist the overturning forces
applied by waves hitting them.
They are relatively expensive to
construct in shallow water, but in
deeper sites they can offer a
significant saving over
revetment breakwaters.

Brea
k
wate
r

TYPES OF
BREAKWATER

Coastal Structure
Rubble mound breakwaters use
structural voids to dissipate the
wave energy. Rock or concrete
armour units on the outside of the
structure absorb most of the energy,
while gravels or sands prevent the
wave energy's continuing through
the breakwater core. The slopes of
the revetment are typically between
1:1 and 1:2, depending upon the
materials used. In shallow water,
revetment breakwaters are usually
relatively inexpensive. As water
depth increases, the material
requirements, and hence costs,
increase significantly

Brea
k
wate
r

TYPES OF
BREAKWATER

Rubble mound Breakwater

Coastal Structure

What Seawall Is

Sea
wall

A form ofcoastal defenseconstructed

where the sea, and associated coastal
processes, impact directly upon the
landforms of thecoast. The purpose
of a seawall is to protect areas of
human habitation, conservation and
leisure activities from the action
oftidesandwaves.As a seawall is a
static feature it will conflict with the
dynamic nature of the coast and
impede the exchange of sediment
between land and sea

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF VERTICAL
SEAWALL SEAWALLS

Sea
wall

Vertical seawalls are built in

particularly exposed situations.
These reflect wave energy. Under
storm
conditions
a
nonbreakingstanding
wavepattern
can
form,
resulting
in
a
stationaryclapoticwave
which
moves up and down but does not
travel horizontally. These waves
promote erosion at the toe of the
wall and can cause severe damage
to the sea wall.In some cases piles
are placed in front of the wall to
lessen wave energy slightly.

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF
SEAWALL
The Advantages

The Disadvantages

These are partial to a lot of

expensive damage in a
short period of time.
Vertical design can be
undercut by high-wave
energy environments over
a long period of time

Sea
wall

The first implemented, most

easily
designed
and
constructed type of seawall.
Vertical sea walls deflect wave
energy away from the coast.
Loose rubble can absorb wave
energy.

VERTICAL SEAWALLS

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF
SEAWALL

CURVED OR
STEPPED
SEAWALLS
Sea
wall

Curved or stepped seawalls are

designed to enable waves to
break to dissipate wave energy
and to repel waves back to the
sea. The curve can also prevent
the wave overtopping the wall
and
provides
additional
protection for the toe of the
wall.

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF
SEAWALL
The Advantages

The Disadvantages

More complex engineering

and design process.
The deflected waves can
scour material at the base of
the wall causing them to
become undermined.

Sea
wall

Concave
structure
introduces
a
dissipative element.
The curve can prevent waves from
overtopping the wall and provides
extra protection for the toe of the wall
Curved seawalls aim to re-direct most
of the incident energy, resulting in
low reflected waves and much
reduced turbulence

CURVED OR STEPPED
SEAWALLS

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF
SEAWALL

MOUNT TYPE
SEAWALLS

Sea
wall

Mound
type
seawalls,
usingriprap, are used in less
demanding settings where lower
energy
erosional
processes
operate. The least exposed sites
involve
the
lowest-cost
bulkheads and revetments of
sand bags orgeotextiles. These
serve to armour the shore and
minimise erosion and may be
either watertight or porous,
which allows water to filter
through after the wave energy
has been dissipated.

Coastal Structure
TYPES OF
SEAWALL
The Advantages

The Disadvantages

Less durable.
Shorter life expectancy.
Cannot
withstand
or
protect from high-energy
conditions effectively.

Sea
wall

Current
designs
use
porous designs of rock,
concrete armour.
Slope and loose material
ensure
maximum
dissipation of wave energy.
Lower cost option.

MOUNT TYPE
SEAWALLS

Coastal Structure

What Jetty Is

Jetty

A structure that
projects from the land
out into water. Often,
"jetty" refers to a
walkway accessing
the centre of an
enclosed waterbody.

Coastal Structure

TYPES OF JETTY

Jetty

Long jetty . Long Jetty when the ends are beyond the breaking waves.
This type is effective for blocking the entry of sediment, but
construction costs are very expensive.
Intermediet jetty, where the ends are among the water level receded
and the location of a breaking wave, can withstand most sediment
transport along the coast. Groove tip of the jetty still allows the
deposition of sand.
Short jetty, the foot end of the building located on the surface of the
water to recede. The main function of this building is to hold estuaries
and concentrate on the flow path has been set to be eroded sediment,
so at the beginning of the rainy season where the large discharge
(flood) has not occurred, the mouth of the river has been open.

Offshore Structure
Offshore structure is the installation of
structures and facilities in the zone
extending seaward from the point of
low tide to the depth of wave-base
level or to the outer edge of the
continental shelf. It is usually for the
production and transmission of
electricity, oil, gas and other
resources.

Offshore Structure

www.4coffshore.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FIXED

Jacket
Jacket is developed for operation
in shallow water and thick
seabed which is soft and muddy.
It is a welded tubular sapce
frame with three or more near
vertical tubular chord legs with a
bracing system between legs. It
provides Support for the
foundation piles, conductors,
risers, and othe appurtenances.
Uses : Drilling, production

Offshore Structure

cyberships.wordpress.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FIXED

Tower
Generally, the tower uses selfbuoyancy pricipal because the
jacket is not able to support the
load that is too heavy. The towar is
also a welded tubular space frame
with three or more near vertical
tubular chord legs with a bracing
system between the legs. It
provides Support for the topsides,
conductors, risers, and other
appurtenances.
Uses : Drilling, production

Offshore Structure

www.maritimejournal.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FIXED

Jack-Up
Jack-upcomprises of a buoyant hull
fitted with a number of movable
legs, capable of raising its hull over
the surface of the sea. The buoyant
hull enables transportation of the
unit and all attached machinery to
a desired location. Once on
location the hull is raised to the
required elevation above the sea
surface supported by the sea bed.
Uses : Drilling, production

Offshore Structure

www.budowle.pl

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FIXED

Compilant Tower
A Compilant Tower (CT) is a
flexible structure with flex
elements (principally flexible
legs or axial tubes) to control
mass and stiffness
characteristic so as to mitigate
the effects of periodic wind,
wave, and current forces. A
compliant tower is normally
used for the offshore production
of oil or gas.

Offshore Structure

Gravity Base
TYPES OF OFFSHORE Structure

www.slipform.us

STRUCTURE
FIXED

A Gravity Base Structure can either be steel or

concrete and is usually anchored directly onto
the seabed.
Steel GBS are predominantly used when there is
no or limited availability of crane barges to
install a conventional fixed offshore platform.
Steel GBS do not usually provide hydrocarbon
storage capability. It is mainly installed by
pulling it off the yard, by either wet-tow or/and
dry-tow, and self-installing by controlled
ballasting of the compartments with sea water.
Concrete GBS is installed when the hard ground
on the seabed is not far from the surface of the
mud. The foundation of the structure is made
circular and made of concrete.
Uses : Drilling, production

Offshore Structure

www.onebv.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FIXED

Monotower
A monotower is a fixed structure in which the
whole structure, or at least the upper part of
the structure, consists of a single vertical
column (tubular or framd) that carries the
topsides.
If the monotower consists of a single vertical
column over its full height that continues
into the foundation pile, this is describe as a
"free standing caisson" or simply" caisson. A
"braced caisson" is a monotower where the
lower part of the column and one or more
foundation piles.
Monotowers are normally designed to be
unmanned.
Uses : drilling, production

Offshore Structure

www.gazprominfo.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FLOATI
NG

Semi Submersible
These platforms have hulls (columns and
pontoons) of sufficient buoyancy to cause the
structure to float, but of weight sufficient to
keep the structure upright. Semi-submersible
platforms can be moved from place to place
and can be ballasted up or down by altering
the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks.
They are generally anchored by combinations
of chain, wire rope or polyester rope, or both,
during drilling and/or production operations,
though they can also be kept in place by the
use of dynamic positioning. Semisubmersibles can be used in water depths
from 60 to 3,000 metres (200 to 10,000 ft).
Uses : Drilling, production

Offshore Structure

www.rigzone.com

TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FLOATI
NG

Tension Leg Platform

TLPs are floating platforms tethered to the
seabed in a manner that eliminates most
vertical movement of the structure. TLPs
are used in water depths up to about 2,000
meters (6,600 feet). The "conventional"
TLP is a 4-column design which looks
similar to a semisubmersible. Proprietary
versions include the Seastar and MOSES
mini TLPs; they are relatively low cost, used
in water depths between 180 and 1,300
metres (590 and 4,270ft). Mini TLPs can
also be used as utility, satellite or early
production platforms for larger deepwater
discoveries.
Uses : Drilling, production, dry trees

Offshore Structure
TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURE
FLOATI
NG

www.offshore-technology.com

Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs,

but a spar has more conventional mooring
lines. Spars have to-date been designed in
three configurations: the "conventional"
one-piece cylindrical hull, in which the
midsection is composed of truss elements
connecting the upper buoyant hull (called
a hard tank) with the bottom soft tank
containing permanent ballast; and the
"cell spar", which is built from multiple
vertical cylinders. The spar has more
inherent stability than a TLP since it has a
large counterweight at the bottom and
does not depend on the mooring to hold it
upright. It also has the ability, by adjusting
the mooring line tensions (using chainjacks attached to the mooring lines), to
move horizontally and to position itself
over wells at some distance from the main
platform location.

Spar Platform

Port
A port can be defined as a harbor or an area
that is able to provide shelter to numerous
boats and vessels, and can also allow
constant or periodic transaction of shipment.
The port provides a place for the loading and
unloading of cargo. Ports can be for large sea
going ships and also for inland waterways
such as rivers and lakes. The depth of the
ports plays a vital role in allowing various
types of ships to enter and dock at the port.

PURPOSE

Port

Distribution centers
Industrial zones
Energy supply bases
Mercantile trading centers with banks, brokers,
and traders
Urbanization and city redevelopment centers
Life activity bases in rural ports
Maritime leisure bases in cruise passenger ship
terminals
Private yacht marinas
Dockside recreation facilities, etc

Port

FUNCTION
Administrative
Operational

ADMIISTRATIVE
FUNCTIONS

Port
Control of all modes of vehicles
entering and leaving the port
Environmental control
Dangerous and hazardous cargo control
Safety and security within the port area
Immigration, health, customs, and
commercial documentary control

OPERATIONAL
FUNCTIONS

Port
Facilitating arrival and departure of ships
Providing navigational aids and Vessel
Traffic Separation (VTS) facilities
Pilotage, tugging and mooring activities
Use of berths, sheds, etc
Loading, discharging, storage and
distribution of cargo
Facilitating supply chain logistics and
management

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

http://www.dot.state.fl.us/seaport/images/banner2.j
pg

SEA PORT
Commercial shipping
activities most
commonly take place at
large sea ports. Sea
ports are situated along
a coastline and can be
used for cargo or for
passenger/cruise travel.

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

https://pgbarranca.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/me
mphport1.jpg

INLAND PORTS
Smaller bodies of water such
as lakes or rivers are home to
inland ports. They are typically
used for cargo, but many are
still used for passengers. They
operate in much the same way
as sea ports, but they cannot
accommodate deep-dock ship
traffic. Many inland ports serve
as docks for ferry traffic.

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Fishing_port_of_Vlyha
da,_Santorini.jpg

FISHING PORTS
Fishing ports mainly
donates to the
commercial sphere as it
participates in fishing.
The fishing activities can
also be treated as a
mode of recreation. A
fishing port can be an
inland port or a seaport.

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb
/Port_of_Piraeus.jpg

WARM WATER PORTS

Warm-water ports do not
freeze in the winter and
operate year-round. These
are valuable ports that they
can significantly boost local
economies as they can
accept supplies without any
temporary shutdown during
winter months

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/picture
s/riyadh.jpg

DRY PORTS
Inland terminals that
connect to a larger sea port
by road or rail facilities are
considered dry ports. They
usually serve as a center for
multimodal logistics and are
designed to improve the
efficiency of importing and
exporting cargo by relieving
congestion at the sea port

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

http://www.ifsecglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Miamicruise-port-terminal-1.jpg

CRUISE HOME PORTS

Cruise home ports specialize in
dealing with the activities of a
cruise ships, and provide the
platform for the passengers to
enter and disembark the
cruises at the beginning and
the end of the journeys. A
cruise home port is also
capable of providing the
essential provisions required
for a luxurious cruise voyage

Port
TYPES OF PORTS

http://www.maritimejournal.com/__data/assets/image/0032/471668/
mj20060201_10.jpg

CARGO PORTS
argo ports act according to the
cargo it manages and the
amenities available differ from
one port to the other. These
ports are also known as bulk
ports or break bulk ports. The
cargo ports involve many
mechanical techniques to load
or unload the shipment. A cargo
port may be designed to deal
with single, as well as multiple
types of products.

REFERENCES

http://www.slideshare.net/VijayHiranandani/port-oper
ations-management-slideshow
http://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-vario
us-types-of-ports
/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groyne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)#
Types_of_breakwater_structures
https
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/F
ile:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG
http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14044/css/1404
4_296.htm
http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/breakwaters-h
arbour-layout-30129685.aspx
https
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Se
awall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_
1503255.jpg
http://www.civilthought.com/brief-idea-on-groynes-and-it
s-classification/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:11-8
-07_riprap_photo.jpg
http://www.britannica.com/technology/jetty
http://
www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-177-od-01.pdf
http://
www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101
619411.pdf
http://
digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferry
se-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdf
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1883e/i1883e07.pdf
http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Harbour
.htm
http://channel-islands.geographs.org/photo/685
http://www.carlisle-bay.com/the-jetty-grill.html
http://
www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Anlanger_2008_h_
Dipl.pdf