Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors

Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors

Introduction

Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

energy only
Two important passive linear circuit
elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor

Capacitor and inductor can store energy

only and they can neither generate nor
dissipate energy.

Capacitors and Inductors

Michael Faraday (1771-1867)

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors

08drA
C

0
.54
1012(F
/m
)

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

Capacitors and Inductors

C
A

Three factors affecting the value of

capacitance:

1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the

capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.
Capacitors and Inductors

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

Capacitors and Inductors

Variable capacitors

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors

10

q
C
v

Charge in Capacitors

The relation between the charge in plates and

the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
1F 1 C/V

Linear

Nonlinear

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11

Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.

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12

I-V Relation of Capacitor

+

dq
dv
q Cv, i
C
dt
dt

Capacitors and Inductors

13

Physical Meaning
dv
iC
dt

+
v

i
C

when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant

voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
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14

 A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.

The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.

Abrupt change
Capacitors and Inductors

15

dv
iC
dt

1 t
v(t ) idt
C

1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to

v() 0

v(to) q(to) / C

+
v

i
C

The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.

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16

Energy Storing in Capacitor

dv
p vi Cv
dt
v (t )
dv
1 2
w pdt C v dt C v ( ) vdv Cv
dt
2
t

1
w(t ) Cv 2 (t )
2
q 2 (t )
w(t )
2C
Capacitors and Inductors

( v( ) 0)

+
v

v (t )
v ( )

i
C

17

Model of Practical Capacitor

Capacitors and Inductors

18

Example 1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

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19

Example 1
Solution:
(a) Since q Cv,
q 3 10

12

20 60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1
12
w Cv 3 10 400 600pJ
2
2

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20

Example 2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
By definition, the current is
dv
6 d
iC
5 10
(10 cos 6000t )
dt
dt
5 10 6 6000 10 sin 6000t 0.3 sin 6000t A

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21

Example 3
Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is

i (t ) 6e

3000t

mA

Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.

Solution:
t
1
Since v idt v(0) and v(0) 0,

3
t
1
3000 t
3 10 3000t t
3
v
6
e
dt 10
e
6 0
0
2 10
3000
3000t
(1 e
)V
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Example 4
Determine the current through a 200- F
capacitor whose voltage is shown in the figure.

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23

Example 4
Solution:
The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
50t V
0 t 1

100 50t V
1 t 3
v(t )
200 50t V
3t 4

0 otherwise

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24

Example 4
Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain

i (t ) 200 10

50
0 t 1 10mA
0 t 1
50
1 t 3 10mA
1 t 3

50
3t 4
10mA
3t 4

0 otherwise
0 otherwise

Thus the current waveform is shown at the

next slide.
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25

Example 4

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Example 5
Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor
under dc condition.

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27

Example 5
Solution:
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit. By current division,
3
i
(6mA) 2mA
3 2 4
v1 2000 i 4 V, v 2 4000i 8 V
1
1
2
3
2
w1 C1v1 (2 10 )(4) 16mJ
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
w2 C2 v2 (4 10 )(8) 128mJ
2
2
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C
C
.C
eq
1
23
N
Capacitors and Inductors

29

C
C
.C
eq
1
23
N

Series and Parallel Capacitors

i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
dv
dv
dv
dv
i C1 C2 C3 ... C N
dt
dt
dt
dt
N
dv
dv

CK
Ceq
dt
k 1 dt

The equivalent capacitance of N parallelconnected capacitors is the sum of the

individual capacitance.
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1
1
1
1
1

...
Ceq C1 C2 C3
CN

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31

Series Capacitors
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )

1
Ceq

1
1
1
1 t
id ( C1 C2 C3 ... C N )id
t

q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
q (t )

Ceq
C1
C2
CN

The equivalent capacitance of seriesconnected capacitors is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.
1
1 1
C1C2

Ceq
Ceq C1 C2
C1 C2
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32

Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y connection and its transformation

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33

Example 6
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit shown

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34

Example 6
Solution:
20 F and 5 F capacitors are in series:
20 5

4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
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Example 7
For the circuit shown, find the voltage across
each capacitor.

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36

Example 7

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37

Example 7
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:

Ceq
Total charge

1 1 1

60 30 20

mF 10mF

q Ceq v 10 10 30 0.3 C
This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF
capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)
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38

Example 7
q
0 .3
v1
15 V,
3
C1 20 10
q
0.3
v2

10 V
3
C2 30 10
Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
Therefore,

v3 30 v1 v2 5V

Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors

are in parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and their
combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
Capacitors and Inductors

q
0 .3
v3

5V
3
60mF 60 10

39

Joseph Henry (1779-1878)

Capacitors and Inductors

40

Inductors

A
L
l

An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

Capacitors and Inductors

41

2
N

A
L

l
r
0

7
4

1
0
H
/m
)
0(

N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeability of the core
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42

(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

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43

Li

Flux in Inductors

The relation between the flux in inductor and

the current through the inductor is given
below.
1H 1 Weber/A

Linear

Nonlinear

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Energy Storage Form

An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.

Capacitors and Inductors

45

ivtLt
d

I-V Relation of Inductors

An inductor consists of
a coil of conducting
wire.

+
v

Capacitors and Inductors

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ivtLt
d

Physical Meaning

When the current through an inductor is a constant,

then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
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47

 An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.

The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.

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48

1
di vdt
L

1 t
i v (t )dt
L

1 t
i v(t )dt i (to )
L to

+
v

L
-

The inductor has memory.

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49

1
2
w
(t)2L
i(t)

Energy Stored in an Inductor

di
P vi L i
dt

v
di
L

w pdt L idt
dt
i (t )
1 2
1 2
L i ( ) i di Li (t ) Li () i () 0,
2
2
t

The energy stored in an inductor

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50

Model of a Practical Inductor

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51

Example 8
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
v 0.1 (10te 5t ) e 5t t (5)e 5t e 5t (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w Li (0.1)100t 2 e 10t 5t 2 e 10t J
2
2
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52

Example 9
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t 0
v(t )
t0
0,
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
1 t
Solution:
Since i t v(t )dt i (t0 ) and L 5H.
L
3
t
1
t
2
i 0 30t dt 0 6 2t 3 A
5
3
0

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53

Example 9
The power p vi 60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
6

t 5
w pdt 0 60t dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2
1
w(5) w(0) Li (5) Li (0)
2
2
1
3 2
(5)(2 5 ) 0 156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
5

Capacitors and Inductors

54

Example 10
Consider the circuit
shown. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.

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55

Example 10
Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor open circuit
inductor short circuit
12
i iL
2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b)

1
1
2
wc Cvc (1)(10 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
wL Li (2)(2 2 ) 4J
2
2

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56

L
L
.L
eq
1
23
N

Inductors in Series

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57

1L
1
1

eq1L
2L
N

Inductors in Parallel

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58

vL

v
.
v
1
23
N
L
.L
eq
1
23
N

Series and Parallel Inductors

Applying KVL to the loop,

Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in

di
di
di
di
v L1 L2 L3 ... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di

LK
Leq
dt
K 1 dt
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Parallel Inductors
Using KCL, i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
But ik 1 tt vdt ik (t0 )
1
i
Lk

Lk

1
1 t
vdt i1 (t0 ) t vdt is (t0 ) ...
LN
L2
0

1 1
1

...
LN
L1 L2

1

k 1 Lk
N

Capacitors and Inductors

t vdt iN (t0 )
0

t vdt i1 (t0 ) i2 (t0 ) ... iN (t0 )

0

1 t
vdt ik (t0 )
vdt i (t0 )

t
Leq
k 1
N

60

 The inductor in various connection has the

same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.

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61

Capacitors and Inductors

62

Example 11
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown.

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63

Example 11
Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
42H
7 42
6H
Parallel :
7 42
Leq 4 6 8 18H

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Practice Problem 11

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65

Example 12
For the circuit in the figure, i (t ) 4(2 e 10t )mA.
If i2 (0) 1 mA, find : (a) i (0)
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
1

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66

Example 12
Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t ) 4(2 e )mA i (0) 4(2 1) 4mA.
i1 (0) i (0) i2 (0) 4 (1) 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq 2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di
10 t
10 t
v(t ) Leq 5(4)(1)(10)e mV 200e mV
dt
di
10 t
10 t
v1 (t ) 2 2(4)(10)e mV 80e mV
dt
10 t
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e mV
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67

Example 12
1 t
(c) i 0 v(t ) dt i (0)
L
1 t
120 t 10t
i1 (t ) 0 v2 dt i1 (0)
e
dt

5
mA

4
4 0
10 t t
3e
5 mA 3e 10t 3 5 8 3e 10t mA
0
1 t
120 t 10t
i2 (t ) 0 v2 dt i2 (0)
e dt 1mA

0
12
12
10 t t
e
1mA e 10t 1 1 e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
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