Presented By:

Prashant Motwani
Prashant.motwani@yahoo.com
9981135555

WATER TANKS
In recent years there has been much emphasis
on water supply projects all over the world,
which are very essential for the social and
industrial development of the country.
Classification based on heads:
1. Tanks resting on ground
2. Elevated tanks supported on staging
3. Underground tanks

VARIOUS TYPES OF ELEVATED TANKS HAVING DIFFERENT SHAPES

1) Circular tanks

2) Rectangular tanks

3) Spherical tanks

4) Circular tanks with conical

bottom

WHY WE NEED TO STUDY WATER TANK DESIGN

Intze tank
For large storage
capacity overhead
tanks, circular tanks
are found economical.
However, In the flat
bottom, the thickness
and reinforcement is
found to be heavy.
In the domed bottom,
though the thickness
and reinforcement in
dome is normal, the
reinforcement in the
ring beam is
excessive .

WHY PREFER INTZE TYPE

The main advantages of such tank are that the outward
thrust from top of conical part is resisted by ring beam B3.

BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR LIQUID RETAINING

STRUCTURES AS PER IS 3370 ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Grade
concrete

of

Permissible stress in tension

shear

Direct(ct)

N/mm2

Bending(cbt)

(tv)

M15

1.1

1.5

1.5

M20

1.2

1.7

1.7

M25

1.3

1.8

1.9

M30

1.5

2.0

2.2

M35
M35

1.6
1.6

2.2
2.2

2.5
2.5

M40
M40

1.7
1.7

2.4
2.4

2.7
2.7

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL

For resistance to cracking

When steel and concrete are assumed to act

together for checking the tensile stress in
concrete for avoidance of crack,
Concrete Cancering

b)Force for strength calculation

Types of Stress

Permissible Stress in N/mm2

Mild Steel

1.Direct tensile stresses

HYSD Bars

115

150

(1) on liquid retaining face

115

150

(1) on face away from liquid

115

150

125

190

115

150

125

175

125

175

2.Tensile stresses in bending

if it is less than 225 mm

(1) on face away

from

liquid,if it is >=225 mm
3.Tensile stress in shear reinforcement
(1) For Member less than
225 thick
(1) For members >= 225 mm
thick
4. Compressive Stress in
columns subjected to direct
load

Theoretical Background of the Membrane Design

In the membrane analysis the member are assumed to act independent of the
others. Hence individually all components of the structure are designed.
The member are therefore subjected to Hoop(also called circumferential stress)
stress and meridonal stress.
Just like a balloon
Fig shows the deflected shape of water tank. The firmed lines show the
undeflected shape of tank.

Figure shows the deflected shape of water tank. The firmed

lines show the undefeated shape of tank

VARIOUS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF INTZE TANK ARE

To spherical dome
Top ring beamB1
Side wall (circular)
Bottom ring beam B2
Conical dome
Bottom dome
Bottom ring beam B3

TOP SPHERICAL DOME

Meridional thrust is maximum at support.
Hoop force is maximum at crown.
Radial bars are provided for meridional
thrust.
Circular
hoops
are
circumferential force.

provided

Thickness will be assumed between 75-150mm

Steel=0.24% bD

for

Analysis of Top Dome

h1

r1

Spherical radius of top Dome:

Meridional Thrust Calculation:

Total Vertical Load above ring AB
=
=

2r(MN) * (self weight of dome + LL on dome)

2r [r-rCos()] * (self weight of dome + LL on dome)

R is will be in kN/m2 , therefore we

need to multiply
2 r (MN)

This resisted by Vertical Component of Meridional Thrust

= 2r(AN) * RSin()
= 2r [rsin()] * RSin()
Equating 1 & 2

2r [r-rCos()] * (self weight of dome + LL on dome) = 2r [rsin()] * RSin()

Merid Force (R)

Merid Stress

W= Total load on dome, kN/m2

t= thickness of dome
R comes in kN/m

Here

Comes the Magic

At = 0,

Merid Force (R)

At = 90,

Merid Force (R)

Wr

Therefore meridional thrust maximum at supports

It should be less than the permissible direct compressive stress in
concrete

Hoop Thrust Calculation:

Similarly deriving along horizontal direction

)
Here Comes the Magic Again
At = 0,

At = 90

) = (Max Compression)
=

) = - (Max Tension)

Position Where Hoop Stress Is 0

)
= 51.48

Where
F= Hoop Stress
r= radius of top dome

OMETIMES

How to calculate load W on top dome:

W= W1+W2 kN
W1= Total DL on top dome= 2rh1( Thickness of dome * Density )
W2= total LL on top dome = 2rh1( Intensity of live load)

Sometimes to follow book Conventions we will be using

N = for Meridional force
N = for Hoop tension

Merid stress and hoop stress should be less than the

permissible direct compressive stress in concrete

TOP RINGS BEAM B1

The meridional thrust N , of the top dome at the level of top rings beam has

two components, viz. vertical component N and horizontal component N.

The beam is supported vertically throughout by side circular wall. Thus the
vertical component which is nothing but the downward load (DD+LL) of the
dome gets transferred through side circular wall.
The horizontal component N includes hoop tension in top ring beam for
which the beam shall be designed.

Hoop tension in Ring Beam

= ( N ) * r1

(just like Pr in noramal cases)

Ast Required for the hoop tension

= T / permissible stress in steel

Depth required for ring beam

Total Weight of Ring Beam

As ring beam is a
beam and beam
always have shear
Should ring beam
be designed for
shear too?

b1= width of top ring beam

D1= depth of beam

SIDE WALLS (CIRCULAR)

The side circular wall, assumed as free to move at top and bottom, is subjected to
hoop tension due to water load.
The hoop tension increases with the depth and is the major criteria for designing
cylindrical walls

To find the height of intze required we will use this equation

Q

To find the height of Weight of Cylindrical Wall

Numerical Example:
Design an Intze tank for 1000KL (1 Million Litres)
Tank Dia=13m
Rise of top dome= 1.5m
Rise of bottom dome= 1.7m
Rise of conical dome= 1.75m
Free board= 0.15m

So We Have Done The Design Of

Top Spherical Dome
Top Ring Beam
Cylindrical wall
Now Is The Time To See Concept Of
Middle Ring Beam
Conical Dome
Bottom Dome
Bottom Beam

MIDDLE RING BEAM B2

The vertical load acting on ring beam consists of

load from top dome, top ring beam , side wall
and self-weight of middle ring beam

This load gets transferred to the conical dome by

thrust T in the conical dome

In order to Analyse Middle ring beam, you need following loads

W1 = Total DL on top dome = 2rh1( Thickness of dome * Density )
W2 = Total LL on top dome = 2rh1( Intensity of live load)
W4
W5= Weight of Gallery = We didnt do its design= 86.70kN ( Calculated through design)
W6= LL on Gallery Slab= 69.36kN
W7= Weight of Railing = 37.04kN
Weight of Middle Ring Beam
Assume size of ring beam = b2*d2
Self wt of ring beam= b2*d2*
W9= weight of water (if the wall is tapered) = 0
W10 = Total Load on middle ring beam= W1+W2+W3+W4+W5+W6+W7+W8+W9

Hoop tension= W10 tan()

Hoop tension on middle ring per unit length=

Steel=

(in kN)
kN

kN/m2

Check the cross section by this equation

Why No Effect of Vertical load is considered

again its a beam resting uniformly

CONICAL DOME
The conical dome is subjected to both meridional thrust as well as
hoop tension.
Meridional thrust: The meridional thrust in the conical dome is due
to vertical forces (weights) transferred to it at its base. The total load
consists of
Weight of top dome, cylindrical wall etc.
Weight of water
Self-weight

Hoop tension:- Due to water pressure and selfweight, the conical dome will be subjected to
hoop tension.

Meridional Thrust

M
Merid Stress

Why r3?
Because meridonal thrust varies
from 0 tat top to max at bottom

Hoop tension:Hoop Thrust is a complicated issue as it varies non-linearly

along the length of the conical dome, therefore lets find
it at any height y from the base of the dome

Head of Water Above xx

hx= h+ (h3-y)
Radius of Dome at Point x
rx= r3 + ytan()
water pressure + component of weight of conical dome
wx = w*hx + (c* Thickness of dome) * sin()
Hoop tension
wx * rx * Sec()

(just like Pr)

VERY VERY VERY VERY IMPORTANT

Meridional thrust is Compressive
thus we just check whether stress less than permissible stress or not
Hoop thrust is tensile
thus the steel will be governed by Hoop force not Meridional Force
Thus that mean there will be no steel in Meridional Direction?

TIRED?
Take a break

Let Us See A Video Which Might Calm Us Down

42

If you are not living on the edge, you are taking too much space
NOT PHYSICALLY BUT METAPHORICALLY

Seduction for safety is much more perelious than perception of Risk

We are seduced for safety we crave for it we should take CALCULATED RISK
DONT BE RAMBO

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - 1

7/11/16

43

COMPETENCE V/S CONFIDENCE

Confidence is momentarily thing, sometimes you are confident sometimes you are not
Even I was scared before coming to the class

RULE OF 1000 HOURS

As Richard Dockins (Famous Physicist), follow LAR (Logic Analysis and Reasoning)
Question Everything and Anything

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - 1

7/11/16

44

STOP ARGUING!
Because people will drag you down to their and level
and will beat you there with experience

DELAYED GRATIFICATION
Marshmallow Experiment ( Stanford)
5year kids, if eaten in 15mins just 1 marshmallow
if delayed , will be given more marshmallow
Those who showed delayed gratification
HIGH SAT SCORES
Higher Living Standards
Better BMI

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - 1

7/11/16

45

NEVER BE SAD OR DEPRESSED

Your performance is at the top when your anxiety is at optimal

BE Decisive
Decide your dream today
Either pursue your dream or help others to other complete their dream
Dont Be Heuristic

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - 1

7/11/16

46

BOTTOM DOME
Bottom dome develops compressive stresses both meridional
as well as along hoops, due to weight of water supported by it
and also due to its own weight.
Spherical radius of bottom Dome:

Weight on Bottom Dome:

W14 = self wt of bottom spherical dome
=
W15 = Wt of water over the dome

W16 = W14+W15

Sin(b)

Meridional thrust
Merid Force (N)

For this we need w in kN/m2

W

Hoop Force

)
< 5 N/mm2 ( here we dont reduce 40% as there will
not be wind effect on botoom dome)

Again here both meridonal thrust and hoop force are compressive stress and
No tension, thus the steel has to be just distribution steel

Bottom Ring Beam

The ring beam receives an inward inclined thrust from the conical dome and
an outward thrust from the bottom dome.
MOST TOUGHEST DESIGN IN INTZE TANK

(A)Net Horizontal thrust on Beam:

H3= H1-H2
Hoop Compression = H3 * r3
Hoop Stress
= Hoop Compression / Section of Beam < 5 N/mm2
(Assume section of Beam)

(B) Vertical Load on Beam:

This time vertical load too has to be calculated as the bottom ring
Because beam is resting on staging which is not uniformly supported
= Nc * Cos c + Nb * Cos(c ) + self wt of beam

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF CONTINUITY ANALYSIS

The pure membrane state of stresses will exist so long as each cell is simply
supported at its edges, that is, it is able to undergo resulting edge displacements
without restraint, while the supports supply the necessary reaction to balance
the meridional forces .
This is however not possible in practice and the edge displacement are actually
restrained. This gives rise to secondary stresses in the form of edge moments
and the hoop stresses. It will be clear by examining the deflected shape of each
part of intze tank in figure
Hence in continuity analysis, the calculation should consist the framing of the
equation of consistency of deformation and thus finding the continuity effect.

In the membrane analysis the member are assumed to act independent of the others. Hence individually all
components of the structure are designed.
. The member are therefore subjected to only direct stresses and as the joints are not considered rigid i.e. as
all members are acting individual bending moment is not introduced.

DEFLECTED SHAPE BY CONTINUITY ANALYSIS

COMPARISON
Force and Bending moment for 9lakh
Component

Membrane design

Continuity Analysis

Hoop force(N/m) B.M.(N-m/m) Hoop force B.M(N-m)

Top Dome

19900

41931

Top Beam

189710

60380 -8.257426169

Wall @

104827

-2035.06

2043.32

Wall @ base

343000

299301 -4743.546328

Middle Beam

604452

718323 -414.1410042

Conical dome(Top)

555070.6

478882 4457.687332

Conical dome(bottom)

535070.6

98463 53634.45591

61539 -35559.58233

Bottom Dome
Circular girder

57668068659.7894 49178.49426

 Area of reinforcement for 9lakh kilo litre

Component

Membrane Design
Hoop steel

Continuity Analysis

Moment steel

Hoop steel Moment steel

Top Dome

300

280

194

Top Beam

1265

703

negligible

Wall @ mid height

1372

699

Wall @ base

2512

1995

7895

Middle Beam

4030

4789

negligible

Conical dome(Top)

3700

3193

7895

Conical dome(bottom)

3700

656

1077

Bottom Dome

515

Circular girder

3825.03

1179
0

4280

 Force and Bending moment for 6 lakh

Component

Membrane design
Hoop force(N/m)

Continuity Analysis

B.M.(N-m/m)

Hoop force B.M(N-m)

Top Dome

9780

32670

-1390.64

Top Beam

106660

29403

0.490932371

73507

1390.15
-1479.4282

Wall @
Wall @ base

300000

228234

Middle Beam

492200

608623 -627.8556201

Conical dome(Top)

484260

405749

1407.28382

Conical dome(bottom)

435976

5570

58805.02094

3481 -22363.89169

Bottom Dome
Circular girder

352490 179699.265

37944.95813

 Area of reinforcement for 6 lakh

Component

Membrane Design
Hoop steel

Continuity Analysis

Moment steel Hoop steel Moment steel

Top Dome

240

218

133

Top Beam

711

433

negligible

Wall @ mid height

1200

490

Wall @ base

2055

1522

2493

Middle Beam

3281

4057

negligible

Conical dome(Top)

3228

2705

2493

Conical dome(bottom)

3228

37

1180

Bottom Dome

515

Circular girder

2343.37

742
0

3530

 Force and Bending moment for 12 lakh

Component

Membrane design

Continuity Analysis

Hoop force(N/m) B.M.(N-m/m)

Hoop force B.M(N-m)

Top Dome

16340

33160

-1540.94

Top Beam

170340

53056

17.01389229

107771

1523.93

Wall @
Wall @ base

490000

451763 -6675.515139

Middle Beam

883400

834025

24.21766469

Conical dome(Top)

762958

556016

5951.297474

Conical dome(bottom)

686390

115128

70710.7457

Bottom Dome
Circular girder

0
0

71955 -45505.65092

760700 105724.418

62590.82336

 Area of reinforcement for 12 lakh

Component

Membrane Design
Hoop steel

Continuity Analysis

Moment steel

Hoop steel Moment steel

Top Dome

300

221

147

Top Beam

1136

823

negligible

Wall @ mid height

1960

718

Wall @ base

3305

3012

10541

Middle Beam

5889

5560

negligible

Conical dome(Top)

5086

3707

10541

Conical dome(bottom)

5086

768

1419

Bottom Dome

515

Circular girder

5057.17

1509
0

5747

Conclusion
The above summary shows that, the effect of
continuity leads to 9% increase of reinforcement
compare to membrane design. However, widely used
method is membrane design as this continuity
analysis can be considered more important for more
capacity of tanks. For less capacity, it leads to minor
difference. For this capacity as for 9 lakhs litres,
continuity analysis leads to more reinforcement and
hence design done by continuity should be adopted
and if membrane design is adopted, chances for error
by comparing with membrane increase by 9%.

WATER TANK RESTING ON GROUND

WITH FLEXIBLE BASE

WITH RIGID BASE AND CLOSED AT TOP

DIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN FOR TANKS

RESTING ON GROUND
1) IS CODE METHOD
2) REISSESNS METHOD
3) CARPERNTERS METHOD
4) APPROXIMATE METHOD

Cosider the wall of the tank to be made of vertical

stirrups Under the action of hydrostatic pressure each
of theses strip will bend outwards as vertical beams
And thus devloping bending stress due to this beam
action

Hoop Tension:

Beam Action:

It will be clear that the total water pressure Wh acting at each point is partially resisted by
Hoop force Ph and partly by the wall acting as a vertical beam Ph
This action is similar to a 2-way slab, where the load is shared in 2 directions

The solution of the previous

differential equation

For a Rigid Base an free at top. These following boundary condistions will
be required to solve the differential equation

Calculating the constants and putting back in the equation

We get this equation for deflection for a tank resting on ground with top free

Above equation was developed and used by Reissens

Reissesns method is complicated and cannot be asked in exam
But feel free to come to me
& understand how to solve a problem by Reissens Method

IS CODE METHOD FOR RIGID BASE DESIGN

Keeping the design concept same of development

of hoop tension and moment in rigid base tank
resting on ground IS code 3370 part 4 1967
utilizes design tables

TABLE FOR COEFFECIENT OF HOOP TENSION

Hoop tension= Coeff*wHR

TABLE FOR COEFFECIENT OF Moment

Hoop tension= Coeff*wH^3

LETS FINALLY DESIGN A CIRCULAR TANK

WITH RIGID BASE AND TOP FREE PROBLEM
BY IS CODE

Capacity= 5000kL
Free Board= 200mm
Depth = 4m

At Last:
Its very important to know that
Whatever you understand depends how you
perceive it